146 



DICOTYLEDONS. 



Fig. 182. — A parchment- 

 like chamber removed from 

 fruic of apple, containing a 

 seed : ts= testa of seed ; cot= 

 cotyledons. 



to invite the visits of fruit-eating beast's, which inadvertently 

 swallow the seeds as they eat the fleshy 

 parts of the fruit. 



The Hawthorn (Cratcegus oxyacanthd) 

 '7s has flowers very similar in plan to those 

 of the Apple and Pear; but the ovary 

 ... consists of two carpels only, and has 

 '"' two chambers. In the fruit the endocarp 

 around each chamber becomes hard and 

 stony (not parchment-like), so that the 

 fruit is a stone-fruit with two stones. 

 Birds are responsible for the distribu- 

 tion of these red fruits, which are 

 commonly called " haws " or Hawthorn- 

 berries (though they are really stone- 

 fruits). The leaves (fig. 58) have large stipules {n), and in 

 the axils of some leaves protective thorn-branches (d) arise. 



UMBELLIFEE^ (Parsley Family) 



Herbs. Leaves alternate. Inflorescence simple or compound 

 umbel. Flower usually regular, cyclic, epigynous, small. Sepals 

 five or none, small. Petals five, polypetalous. Stamens five. 

 Carpels two, syncarpous ; ovary inferior, two-chambered, with 

 one ovule in each chamber; styles two. Disk, epigynous. 

 Fruit a schizocarp. 



There is such a uniformity in the general habit of the Um- 

 belliferae, and in the structure of their flowers and fruits, that it 

 is unnecessary to select any particular type. The CARROT 

 {Daucus carota), the COW-PARSNIP {Heradeum sphondylium) 

 may be mentioned as easily obtainable and recognisable. 



Vegetative characters. — The stems are hollow. The leaves 

 are alternate, deeply divided, with broad large sheaths. In- 

 florescence a compound umbel. There is usually a general 

 involucre at the base of the whole inflorescence (main umbel), 

 and also small involucres at the bases of the secondary (partial) 

 umbels. In some plants the axis of an umbel ends in a flower 

 which differs in colour from the rest of the flowers. In the 

 Carrot this central flower is red, whereas the other flowers are 

 white. Flower. — Usually § , usually actinomorphic, cyclic, 

 usually white or yellow. Floral formula is K5 C5 A5 G(2). In 



