2 3° LEAVES 



also loosely, branched. Creeping = trailing and giving off adventitious roots 

 frotn the stem ; the term creeping is also sometimes applied to subterranean 

 horizontally elongated rhizomes. Tufted or csespltose=when a number of 

 short stems, closely set, spring from the rhizome. Soandent = climbing. 

 Voluble = twining. 



V. Characteristic types of stems. — Flagellum or runner — a creeping 

 stem with long whip-like internodes, and with foliaged tufts at the nodes. 

 Offset is similar to a runner, but has shorter internodes. Stolon = a trailing 

 or descending branch which dips into the soil and gives off adventitious 

 roots. Stoloniferous - possessing stolons. Sucker = a new stem rising 

 above the soil from, and produced by, a subterranean horizontal stem or 

 root. The term sucker is also applied to the sucking root-like organs by 

 means of which parasites absorb food from the plants on which they live. 

 Pliylloclade = cladode. Culm = a jointed stem like that of a grass. 

 Fistular stem or leaf is one which is hollow along its whole length. 

 Scape = a stem rising from the ground, not bearing any cauline foliage- 

 leavps, but terminating in a flower or an inflorescence. Bulbils = small 

 axillary buds which separate from the mother-plant and become distinct 

 individuals. 



VI. Gro\yth in thickness of stems. — Endogenous = not undergoing 

 secondary increase in thickness ; an Endogen is a Monocotyledon. 

 Exogenous — undergoing secondary increase in thickness ; an Exogen is a 

 Dicotyledon. These obsolete meanings attached to the words Endogenous 

 and Exogenous are widely different from the meanings given to them in 

 the body of this book and in other modern text-books. 



VII. A plant is acaulescent when it possesses no foliaged stem rising 

 appreciably above the ground. Koot-stock = rhizome. 



LEAVES. 



VIII. Phyllotaxis=leaf-arrangement. Opposite = whorled with only two 

 leaves at each node. Decussate = opposite with the leaves at the succes- 

 sive nodes alternating. Verticillate = whorled. Scattered = alternate. 

 Di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-stichous = alternate, and forming two, three, 

 four, five longitudinal rows respectively. Cauline leaves, as opposed to 

 radical leaves, are leaves inserted on a distinct sub-aerial stem. 



IX. Adjectives referring to the base of a leaf. — Amplexicaul, the leaf 

 sessile and embracing the stem at right angles. Sheathing = forming a 

 sheath round the stem. Perfoliate, the stem appears to pierce the base of 

 the leaf. Connate, the bases of opposite leaves joined together. De- 

 current, the margins of the leaf seem to be continued down the stem as 

 ridges. 



X. Stipules. — FoIiaceous = leaf-like. Adnate, as in the Rose. Axil- 

 lary, when only one is present and it is on the axillary face of the leaf. 

 Interpetiolar, when one stipule is present between each two adjacent 

 leaves in whorled types. Ocbreate = tubular and embracing the stem ; an 

 ochreate stipule is termed an ochrea. Caducous = falling when the leaf 

 completely unfolds from the bud. Persistent = lasting as long as the other 

 parts of the leaf. 



XI. Petiole. — Pliyllode= a flattened leaf-like petiole of a leaf which is 

 usually devoid of a lamina. 



