ENTROPION AND ECTROPION. 187 
the nitrate of mercury ointment, one drachm, and vaselin or lard, two drachms, 
should be applied after cleansing. As this ointment is irritating, it ought not to 
be allowed to enter the eye. The most convenient means of application is a 
swab made of a little cotton wound around the tip of an ordinary wooden tooth- 
pick. 
In general eczema of long standing the eyebrows and lids of the victims 
usually become eczematous, and in consequence of this extension of the skin 
disease there is often ulceration of the lids and loss of the lashes as well as of 
the hair on neighboring parts. 
Local cleanliness should be insisted upon in these eczematous cases, and 
sulphur mixed with lard applied freely. When this fails to effect a cure, the 
mercurial ointment, diluted as advised with twice its weight of vaselin or lard, 
should be used. 
Animal parasites sometimes infest the roots of the eyelashes and cause obsti- 
nate itching, which excites scratching, and thus a local eczema is produced. 
The same mercurial ointment is the remedy for this eye affection. 
ENTROPION AND ECTROPION. 
Entropion is a deformity of the eyelid which causes it to curve or turn in, so 
that its edge or lashes come in contact with the eyeball, and by pressing upon its 
delicate structures induce constant irritation or serious inflammation. 
It occurs quite frequently among bulls, Newfoundlands and setters. Now and 
then it is present at birth. Occasionally it follows inflammations of the lining 
membrane of the lids, —the conjunctiva —and sometimes results from the use 
of caustic substances in the eyes or injuries to the lids that destroy their natural 
curvature, which in the healthy eye is admirably and exactly adapted for the 
protection and comfort of the eyeball. 
The upper lid is more often inverted than the lower, but both may be affected, 
and even in the same subject. 
Besides the annoyance and discomfort caused by entropion there is constant 
irritation. The eyes are watery; a grayish mucus accumulates in the corners of 
them; there is frequent winking; and at times the eyes are shut tightly. The 
lashes adhere; and while sleeping, often the lids are glued together. Roughness 
of its surface and inflammation of the cornea are frequently associated. 
Individual lashes are sometimes displaced without any particular curvature 
of the lids, and if these are repeatedly drawn out the fault may be in time 
overcome. 
Some injuries of the lids are of so destructive a character that their results 
are irreparable. As a rule, however, surgical operations for the relief of entro- 
