324 KENNEL DISEASES. 
likely they are intertwined in the form of a ball. They inhabit the upper por- 
tion of the small intestine. Often, however, they migrate into the stomach; 
up from which they are liable to be thrown during attacks of vomiting that they 
induce. They sometimes ascend to the throat and cause gagging or violent 
coughing, which lead to their expulsion; doubtless also when on such excur- 
sions they have now and then succeeded in getting into the upper part of the 
wind-pipe, and so produced spasm of that tube and fatal suffocation, gen- 
erally during attacks of convulsions, for which they were likewise responsible. 
Nor is it impossible for them to reach the lungs, being sucked down the 
bronchial tubes, and death result immediately, or be delayed until a pulmon- 
ary inflammation has been set up. 
Occasionally these worms make their way into the nasal passages, where 
they excite irritation that is attended by profuse discharge and quite constant 
and distressing sneezing. Again, in rare instances they have entered the gall- 
bladder, also the biliary ducts, and thus obstructed the flow of bile, and some- 
times given rise to abscess of the liver. Indeed, they have been known to 
invade the pancreatic duct. But generally their course is downward into the 
large intestine, from which some are discharged with the waste matter, while 
occasionally one wriggles out. 
Worms infest dogs of all ages, but puppies are the most frequent victims, 
and with them the mischief caused is far greater and more often fatal than 
with matured subjects. It is a strange fact also that now and then large num- 
bers of these pests have been found in puppies less than two weeks old; and, 
indeed, some of their victims have only just entered the world, if reports can 
be credited. 
The round-worms in very young victims are generally scarcely more than 
an inch long, and of about the diameter of coarse linen thread, short pieces of 
which they closely resemble. Of the exceptions to this, one of the most nota- 
ble is reported by a widely known breeder of repute, who states that from the 
dead body of a puppy only two days old he took four round-worms, all of 
which were nearly three inches long. 
From experience it would seem that the chances of being infested by worms 
increase somewhat as the health and vigor decline, when naturally the ability 
to expel embryos taken into the body lessens in corresponding degree. But it 
is easy to believe that they are best when digestion is sluggish and imperfect, 
too much is eaten habitually, or the food is either not well adapted or positively 
unwholesome; for then the stomach and intestines are seldow free from food 
refuse, for which worms exhibit a decided preference. As to the special con- 
ditions, however, required for the development of round-worms, little or nothing 
is positively known. Nor is it known how puppies acquire them; yet it is 
highly probable that they oftentimes swallow the eggs and larve directly, also 
take the same up with their food and drink. And certainly very generally the 
