328 PRINCIPLES OF SPRAYING 



5. Powders. — Make use of hellebore, pyrethrum, and tobacco dust in 

 suitable ways. 



6. Emulsions. — Make up a stock solution of kerosene emulsion. Dilute 

 and use some of this. 



7. Make a similar emulsion using crude oil instead of kerosene. 



8. Secure some prepared miscible oil, as "scalecide." Dilute this prop- 

 erly and use it as a spray. 



9. Soap of several lands should be made up into spray materials and each 

 used on plant lice to test the effects. 



10. Nicotine sulfate in the liquid form should be made up into a dilute 

 spray and used on sucking insects, as plant lice, leaf hoppers, and others. 



11. Cut worms should be fought in ways suggested. 



12. Use banding methods to trap the larva? of codling moths. 



13. Use bands of sticky fly paper against canker worms, and against 

 larvae travelling up the trunks of trees. 



14. Try hand picking of tomato worms, potato beetles, or other large insects. 



15. Use of spray apparatus of several forms should, enter into the preced- 

 ing exercises. Use several forms of pumps, nozzles, and rods of different lengths. 



16. Spraying campaigns against both potato beetles and blight may be a 

 home project. 



17. Similar projects may be planned in connection with the growth of 

 any garden or orchard crops where the enemies are bad. 



18. Community studies and surveys should be made to determine the 

 most serious enemies in gardens and orchards and the most successful methods 

 of fighting them. Discover if possible, those that are spraying improperly as 

 well as the successful ones. 



QUESTIONS 



1. Give the three chief purposes in conducting spraying campaigns. 



2. Mention several materials to use in preventing disease. Discuss each. 



3. Tell how to make Bordeaux mixture. 



4. Describe the making of concentrated lime-sulfur and tell how to dilute it 



5. Give directions for making self -boiled lime-sulfur. 



6. What principles are involved in the use of fungicides? 



7. Mention several spray materials to use in fighting the chewing insects. 



8. What are the merits of arsenate of lead as compared with the others? 



9. Mention several contact insecticides for use against sucking insects? 



10. Describe the making of kerosene emulsion? 



11. What are miscible oils? Discuss their use. 



12. Discuss the use of nicotine sulfate; of tobacco dust; of pyrethrum. 



13. What principles are involved in fighting sucking insects? 



14. Give several special ways of fighting insects without spraying. 



15. Describe a knapsack pump and suggest its best uses. 



16. Same for the bucket pump; and the barrel pump. 



17. Discuss the hose; extension rods, and nozzles. Give principles of spraying. 



References.— U. S. Farmers' Bulletins: 440, Spraying Peaches; 595, 

 Arsenate of Lead as an Insecticide; 648, Control of Root Knot; 650, San Jose' 

 Scale and its Control; 662, Apple Tree Tent Caterpillar; 721, Rose Chafer; 

 722, Leaf Blister Mite; 723, Oyster-shell Scale and Scurfy Scale ; 731, True 

 Army Worm and Its Control; 737, Clover Leaf Hopper; 739, Cutworms and 

 their Control; 763, Orchard Barkbeetles and Pinhole Borers; 799, Carbon 

 Bisulfid as an Insecticide; 804, 914, Aphids; 1120, Apple Powdery Mildew; 

 1169, Shade-tree Insects; 1220, Enemies of Grape; 1225, Potato Leaf Hopper; 

 1262, 1098, Dusting with Arsenate of Lime. 



