210 UTILITARIAN ZOOLOGY 
stant frays—suffering from a cutaneous disorder by high feeding— 
and altogether a disgusting spectacle. There is no sight in the 
world more revolting than to see a young and gracefully-formed 
native girl stepping out of the carcase of a putrid whale’ (Gray’s 
Explorations in North-West and Western Australia). The 
Australians also mash up bones and suck out the fat contained in 
them. Like other savages, they are excessively fond of fatty 
substances.” 
To illustrate a predominatingly animal diet we may take the 
following menu of an Esquimaux feast, given by comparatively 
civilized individuals:—‘ A factor being invited to a great enter- 
tainment with several topping Greenlanders counted the follow- 
ing dishes:—1. Dried herrings. 2. Dried seal’s flesh. 3. Boiled 
ditto. 4. Half-raw and rotten ditto, called mikiak. 5. Boiled 
willocks [sea-birds]. 6. A piece of a half-rotten whale’s tail 
(this was the dainty dish or haunch of venison to which the 
guests were properly invited). 7. Dried salmon. 8. Dried 
reindeer venison. 9. A dessert of crowberries mixed with the 
chyle out of the maw of a reindeer. 10. The same, enriched 
with train oil.” (Crantz—Aizstory of Greenland.) It may be 
added that blood is a favourite Esquimaux drink. 
Even among civilized nations fish and molluscs are important 
articles of food, and it is interesting to know that this was also 
the case during the Stone Age. Along the shores of Denmark 
and many other countries, including Britain, are to be found, 
more or less abundantly, shell-mounds or ‘ kitchen-middens ” 
(Danish £76kkenmédddings), the sites of many a prehistoric meal. 
In Danish mounds the shells of oysters, cockles, mussels, and 
periwinkles are by far the most abundant, and with them are 
associated the bones of fishes (herring, dab, eel, &c.), birds, 
(capercailzie, duck, swan, goose, &c.), and mammals (deer, wild 
boar, &c). Remains of domesticated animals are entirely absent, 
except of the dog, and many of the bones have been gnawed 
by this half-wild attendant at the feasts. Darwin’s account (in 
A Naturalist’s Voyage) of some of the inhabitants of Tierra 
del Fuego furnishes a modern parallel to the kind of life led 
by the prehistoric men of the shell-mounds, except that the 
latter were probably in better case. He says:—‘ The inha- 
bitants, living chiefly upon shell-fish, are obliged constantly to 
change their place of residence; but they return at intervals to 
