220 UTILITARIAN ZOOLOGY 
deal of the cat and the mouse in the relationship; but in time 
the savage comes positively to love his captives, and even to 
resist the pangs of hunger rather than kill them. In other 
words, the earliest domestic animals were pets; preserved, not 
with a view to profit, but for sport or amusement. And it is 
most important to observe that animals so selected would natu- 
rally be the handsomest and finest of the catch, whose appearance 
would delight the eye... . But, of course, feelings of affection 
would be bound to give way in the long run to feelings of 
hunger, and then the tame animals would be slaughtered for 
food. And so it would ultimately dawn on the savage that the 
keeping of pets was really a profitable business, because it 
afforded some protection against famine. Gradually it would 
become more and more common. Finally, the savage would 
learn by experience that, even without destroying them, his 
pets could be put to valuable use. Thus the wool of sheep, 
the hair of goats, the milk of cows, would be to a savage like a 
gift from an unknown Power. . . . But, when he had got thus 
far, the savage would have ceased to be a savage; he would 
have become a fastoralist. . . . And then, as all the advantages 
of the rearing of animals come to be realized, the savage ‘ pack’ 
gradually changes into a society of shepherds or herdsmen, in 
which the men are engaged in tending cattle, sheep, or goats, 
while to the women fall the subordinate offices of spinning the 
wool, milking the cows and goats, and making the butter and 
cheese. The men drive the flocks to pasture and water, regulate 
the breeding, guard the folds against enemies, decide which of 
the animals shall be killed for food, and break in the beasts of 
burden.” The nomad tribes of the Asiatic steppes, Kirghiz, 
Kalmucks, &c., are still in the pastoral stage. 
A brief account of some of the chief domesticated animals 
may now appropriately follow. 
DOMESTICATED MAMMALS (Mammatia) AND THEIR USES 
THE Doc (Canis famitaris).—It is not likely that the some 
180 breeds of Dog which exist at the present day (figs. 1157 
and 1158) have all descended from the same wild stock. Various 
kinds of Wolf, Jackal, and Wild Dog have more probably 
been domesticated at various times by different races, and the 
