232 UTILITARIAN ZOOLOGY 
and Alpaca, both probably derived from the wild Guanaco (Lama 
guanacus), which now ranges from the mountain regions of 
Ecuador and Peru to Tierra del Fuego. 
The Llama (Zama ¢ama), an animal much smaller than the 
camel, has been an important beast of burden in Peru and Bolivia 
from ancient times, though now largely replaced by horses, mules, 
and oxen. Its flesh and wool are also of value. At the time 
of the Spanish Conquest it is said that some 300,000 Ilamas 
were employed in transporting silver from the famous mines of 
Potosi. 
Fig. 1167.—Alpacas (Lama pacos) 
The Alpaca (L. facos, fig. 1167) is somewhat bigger than a 
large goat, and is bred for the sake of its flesh, and more 
especially on account of the fine qualities of its fleece, which is 
distinguished for its softness and elasticity. The fine straight 
hairs average from 7 to g inches in length, and are strong without 
being coarse, differing in this respect from wool of other kinds. 
Tue Pic (Sus scrora).—While oxen, sheep, and goats are well 
adapted to the needs of pastoral nomad races, it is quite otherwise 
with swine, which are notoriously difficult to drive from place to 
place. Their domestication is, in fact, one mark that their owners 
have abandoned a wandering life, and entered upon the agri- 
cultural stage of civilization, which is a distinct advance upon the 
pastoral one. We should expect therefore that the prehistoric 
