137 



June 23 (on fungi). In the Brownfield woods at Urbana, 111., Penthe 

 obliquata Fabr. and P. pimelia Fabr. were taken under logs October 

 15 (No. 491, C. C. A.). Ulke ('02, p. 53) says. "Penthe, on fungi 

 growing on logs and stumps." Cratoparis lunatus Fabr. (Anthribidce) 

 was taken April 5 and 23, Bloomington, 111., and August at Havana, 

 Illinois. Figures of some of these fungus-beetles are given in Felt's 

 report ('06, pp. 494-498). 



The general animal population of fungi is so extensive, including 

 mites, sow-bugs, myriapods, and moUusks, in addition to insects, that 

 no attempt will be made to summarize it here. The student of Illinois 

 fungus animals will find Moffat's paper ('09) on the Hymenomycetes 

 of the Chicago region very helpful. (Cf. von Schrenk and Spauld- 

 ing, '09.) A few references to zoological papers will aid the student 

 who wishes to give more attention to this interesting and increasingly 

 important economic subject, and a short list follows. 



Busck ('02). Mushroom pests. 



Hubbard ('92). Insects in Folyporus volvatus Peck; and ('97) 

 on the ambrosia beetles. 



Johannsen ('io-'i2). Mycetophilidse. 



Malloch ('12). Phoridse in fungi. 



Popenoe ('12). Mushroom pests. 



Patch ('12). Aphids on fungi, page 179. 



Ulke ('02). Notes on food habits of fungus-beetles, of which 

 there are many families, including Silphidce, StaphylinidcB, 

 Bndomychidcc, Brotylidcr, Mycetophagidce, NitidulidcE, Scar- 

 ahaidce, Tenebrionidcs, Melandryids, ScolytidcB, etc. 



Jager ('74, I, pp. 245-246) and Moller ('67, pp. 59-60) have given 

 short lists of the German fimgus insects. 



The subject of fungus insects can not be dismissed without special 

 mention of the ambrosia beetles of the family Scolytidcs. These small 

 beetles have been studied by Hubbard ('97), who showed that they 

 rear fiingi in their tunnels in wood, these fungi furnishing nourish- 

 ment to the larvae and beetles. Each beetle seems to grow its own kind 

 of fungus. They belong to the following genera: Platypus, Xyleh- 

 orus, Corthylus, Monarthrum, Xyloteres, and Gnathotrichtis. The 

 beetles of the genus Corthylus live in a variety of hardwood trees, 

 including maple, sassafras, dogwood, etc., and attack living trees. The 

 ambrosia beetles are thus dependent upon fungi growing in the trees. 

 They furnish a very striking example of a mutually dependent asso- 

 ciational relationship. Hopkins ('99, '93a, '93b) has published much 

 valuable data on the life history, habitats, and enemies of these beetles. 

 A study of them as a biotic community would be very interesting and 



