146 MINUTE STRUCT0KB OF THE STEM. 



from each other bj- mechanical or chemical means for use in the 

 manufacture of paper-pulp. The woods which appear to have 



translated in Saolis's Text-book, 2d Eug. ed., p. 651), in which the structural 

 characters of many kinds of wood are given. The table will be found con- 

 venient for i-eference. 



1. Wood consisting only of tracheids with bordered pits : — 



Winterere ( Drimys Winteri, Tasmannia aromatica ; also Trochodendron 

 aralioides) : (Conifers). 



2. Wood consisting of vessels, tracheids, parenchyma, and intermediate cells ; 



that is, substitute or replacing cells or fibres (ersatzfasern) : — 

 a. With no intermediate cells ; Ilex aquifolium, Staphylea pinnata, Rosa 



canina, Crataegus raonogyna, Pyrus communis. Spiraea opulifolia. 



Camellia, etc. 

 i. With no jiarenchyma ; Porlieria. 

 c. With both parenchyma and intermediate cells ; Jasminum revolutum, 



Kerria, Potentilla fruticosa, Casuarina equisetifolia and torulosa, 



Aristolochia Sipho, etc. 



3. Wood consisting of vessels, tracheids, fibres, parenchyma, and intermediate 



cells : — 

 a. With no intermediate cells ; fibres unseptate ; e. g., Sambncus nigra 



and racemosa, Acer platanoides, Pseudoplatanus, and campestris. 

 6. With both parenchyma and intermediate cells ; fibres unseptate ; Ber- 



beris vulgaris, Mahonia ; (Ephedra). 



c. With no intermediate cells; fibres septate and unseptate; Punica, 



Euonymus latifolius and Europaeus, Celastrus scandens, Vitis vini- 

 fera. Fuchsia globosa, Centradenia grandifolia, Hedera Helix, etc. 



d. With all four kinds of cells ; Miihlenbeckia coinplexa, Fious. 



4. Wood consisting of vessels, tracheids, fibres, parenchyma, and intermediate 



cells. This is the most common, and may be taken as the typical structtire : 

 a. With no intermediate cells ; Sparmanuia Africana, Calycanthus, Rham- 

 nus catharticus, Eibes rubrum, Quercus, Castanea, Carplnus sp., 

 Amygdaleaj, Melaleuca, Callistemon sp., etc. 

 i. With no parenchyma ; Caragana arhorescens. 



c. With both kinds of cells ; most foliage-trees and shrubs; e. g., Salix, 

 Populus sp., Liriodendron, Magnolia acuminata, Alnus glutinosa, 

 Betula alba, Juglaus regia, Nerium, Tilia, Hakea suaveolens, Ailan- 

 thus, Robinia, Gleditschia sp., Ulex Europgeus, etc. 



5. Wood consisting of vessels, fibres, parenchyma, and intermediate cells : — 



a. With no parenchyma ; Viscum album. 



b. With no intermediate cells ; Avicemiia. 



c. With both kinds of cells ; Fraxinus excelsior, Ornus, Citrus medica, 



Platanns, etc. 



6. Wood consisting of vessels, fibres, and parenchyma : — 



Cheiranthus Cheiri, Begonia. Also many Crassulacese and Caryophyl- 

 lacese. 



7. Wood consisting of vessels, fibres, parenchyma, and true woody-fibres : — 



Colens Macraei, FAigenia australis, Hydrangea hortensis. 



8. Wood consisting of vessels, tracheids, woody fibres, septate fibres, paren- 



chyma, and intermediate cells : — 

 Ceratonia siliqua, Biguonia capreolata ; it is, however, still doubtful if 

 true woody-fibres are present. 



