104 A MANUAL OF MOSSES 



a. Medium to robust; basal membrane high and tessellated. 



d. 

 b. Teeth rather short, erect or slightly wound. 



c. 

 b. Teeth long, once to several times wound. 



(T. muralis [Linnaeus] 

 Hedwig.) 

 c. Cells of leaf-margin not distinctly differentiated into a border 



(T. plinthobia [Sull.] 

 Broth.) 

 c. Cells distinctly differentiated at margin into a bordei'. 



(T. porteri [James and 

 Aust.] Broth.) 

 d. On trees; leaves deeply concave, margins involute; costa 



spinulose-aristate. i. Tortula papilloma. 



d. On soil or stones; leaves not deeply concave; margins not 

 revolute; costa smooth-cuspidate. (T. ruralis [Linn.] 



Bryol. Europ.) 



1. Tortula papillosa ^Vilson, mss., Spring. 

 (Barbula papillosa C. Mueller). 



Loosely cespitose, green, brownish in drying: stem short, 

 up to 1 cm. ; leaves erect-spreading, when dry appressed but 

 scarcely twisted, broadly obovate-spatulate, fiddle-shaped 

 (panduriform), with margins involute, the apex rounded to 

 short-acute; costa thick and spongy, dorsally papillose, above 

 ventrally often bearing numerous shortly pedicellate multi- 

 cellular gemmse, excurrent-mucronate or cuspidate ; basal leaf- 

 cells rectangular, a few hyaline, upper leaf-cells pellucid, in- 

 crassate, more or less collenchymatous, large, ventrally smooth, 

 dorsally simply papillose : capsule, known thus far only from 

 Australia and New Zealand, reddish-brown, short, with a 

 short seta. 



On tree-trunks (In America often on elms), rarely on 

 rocks in open places, South America, New Zealand, Australia, 

 Europe, and, in North America, in the Atlantic States from 

 Delaware to Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Rare and al- 

 Vvays sterile in our region. 



Blair : Tyrone, T. P. James. (Porter's Cata- 



logue) . 



Family VI. ENCALYPTACEAE. 

 Autoicous, rarely dioicous : robust, usually densely cespi- 

 tose, bright green, the inside of the cushions rust-colored : stem 

 3-5-angled with little or no central strand, erect, brown- 

 radiculose, thickly-leaved, branched dichotomously ; leaves 

 erect-spreading, when dry folded and twisted, more or less 

 lingulate, acute to obtuse, margins plane to undulate; costa 

 highly developed, usually percurrent to very shortly excurrent, 

 prominent dorsally and dorsally papillose or toothed; cells in 

 upper two-thirds of leaf rather symmetrically hexagonal, 

 chlorophyllose, opaque, thickly papillose on both sides, in the 



