WATERING 173 



and increases the interest on the part of the attendants. Further 

 the name often proves valuable in preventing cows from wander- 

 ing into forbidden parts of the bam, for when they are seen 

 starting, if spoken to clearly, and called by name they realize 

 that they have been discovered and return to their own stall or 

 pass out as desired. 



Every cow should be given her own place in the bam, if 

 possible, and taken to that place upon the first visit to the bam. 

 When led directly to the right place and tied and fed she soon 

 learns her place and takes it of her own accord, thus preventing 

 confusion and accidents so liable to result if a bam is opened to 

 a herd, the individuals of which have no definite place. 



Watering. — Cows require from three to five gallons, twenty- 

 five to forty pounds of water, per day when dry and from three 

 to four times that amount when milking. In calculating tank 

 capacity 160 pounds or twenty gallons will be required each 

 day for each cow. If the cow is compelled to drink ice water 

 in winter the feeder may calculate that the heat in two pounds 

 of hay will be required simply to warm the water from the tem- 

 perature of the pond or icy tank to that of the animal's body and 

 that half or more of this loss can be saved by tempering the 

 drinking water to about 70 or 80 degrees. This is particularly 

 desirable when cows are watered from a large tank out of doors. 

 The violent shivering so often seen in cows and horses just after 

 drinking a lot of cold water is nature's way of giving the animal 

 exercise to warm the water. (See paragraph on Stable Tem- 

 perature.) While some cows will drink only once a day by 

 preference, most desire to drink at least twice. A cow milked 

 very heavily should be watered at least four times a day or, better, 

 have water available at all times, either in a pail or drinking 

 fountain. 



Methods of Watering in Barn. — A private drinking foun- 

 tain for each cow is not essential to economical milk production, 

 nor even to high production. They are expensive to install 

 and necessitate labor in keeping them clean. Further than this, 

 it will be found good practice, even in cold weather, to turn 

 the cows out once or twice a day to give them a chance to limber 



