278 ANIMAL COMPETITORS 
even the young ones in the rutting season, are 
highly excitable, if not really vicious, and for 
these must be provided small and strong en- 
closures. It is, indeed, unsafe to let a male 
elk over four years old run at large, especially 
if he has once shown viciousness. The remedy 
for this is castration, which not only makes 
him docile but improves the venison; and all 
except the small breeding stud, frequently 
changed, should be so treated when young. 
‘We find from long experience,’’ writes a man 
who has made a business of deer-farming in the Ozark 
Mountains of Arkansas, ‘‘that cattle, sheep and goats 
can be grazed in the same lots with elk, providing, 
however, that the lots or enclosures are not small; 
the larger the area the better. . . . An elk is the 
natural enemy of dogs and wolves. We suffered 
great losses to our flocks until we learned this fact; 
since then we have had no loss. A few elk in a thou- 
sand-acre pasture will’ absolutely protect the flocks 
therein. 
The whitetail as an investment. Virginia 
deer are even better adapted than elk to rocky 
forested places, such as are so numerous in the 
Alleghenies. ‘‘Advocates of the Angora-goat 
industry state that within the United States 
