APPENDIX. 
occupy, the colony will soon recover; but, if no flight is possible, the combs 
and inside of the hive will become foul with excrement and the colony 
perish outright. 
Colonies cannot contract dysentery from the stained combs. Therefore 
such combs may be saved until summer and then given to strong colonies 
to be cleaned, no more than two or three such combs being given a colony 
ata time. Too many such combs would be a discouragement to any colony 
and might cause them to abscond. 
DISEASES OF BROOD. 
AMERICAN FOUL BROOD and European foul brood are two entirely 
different diseases, requiring quite different treatments. American foul brood 
attacks sealed brood mostly. The cappings are discolored and sunken in 
appearance and often have irregular perforations. The diseased larvae are 
yellowish brown to blackish brown, and, as they decay, have a very offensive 
odor, become ropy or stringy, and may be stretched out several inches in a 
delicate thread. The dead larvae are almost always found lying on the 
lower cell walls. In the last stage the larvae become dried into hard scales 
which adhere tightly to the cells. 
A common treatment for American foul brood is to shake the bees of 
the diseased colony in front of a clean hive, placed on the old stand and 
filled with frames of foundation. The bees will soon run into the hive. 
Any diseased honey they may have in their sacs will be used in comb- 
building. If no honey is coming in at the time, it will be necessary to feed 
them. The old hive should be scorched out before using again and the 
combs rendered into wax. This method is quite satisfactory, if, during 
the treatment, care is taken that no diseased honey is left exposed on the 
ground or clothing where robber bees may find it, and if no bees with 
diseased honey become confused and enter healthy colonies at the time 
of shaking. The old combs should be destroyed or melted up as soon as 
taken from the hives. 
EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD atacks unsealed brood mostly. The dis- 
eased larvae are usually a light yellow. This decayed matter may also have 
an unpleasant odor but not usually so offensive as in the case of American 
foul brood. The diseased larvae reach a ropy stage, but instead of roping 
as a fine thread stretch out as a coarse granular thread. The dead larvae 
may be found in almost any position on the base or any of the walls of 
the cells. When scales are formed they do not adhere tightly to the cells 
as in the case of American foul brood, but may be removed. 
A good treatment for European foul brood is to dequeen for a period 
of from 10 to 20-days, and then to introduce a queen of a vigorous strain of 
Jtalians. Or, if the colony affected is Italian, a queen-cell from a good 
Italian colony can be given immediately after dequeening, as it will be 
about 10 days before the queen will begin to lay. Before dequeening it is 
very important to make the colonies strong by uniting or giving emerging 
brood. Except in extreme cases, it is not necessary to melt up the combs 
119 
