APPENDIX. 
or disinfect the hives, as in the case of American foul brood. 
European foul brood can be prevented to a great extent by keeping 
only a good strain of Italian bees and keeping the colonies always strong. 
A good discussion of the distinguishing characteristics and best meth- 
ods of treatment of the two diseases is given in the A B C and X Y Z 
of Bee Culture. If one has trouble in determining with which disease his 
colonies are affected, he should send a sample of the comb for diagnosis to 
the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. For this purpose a piece 
of comb about five inches square and containing a number of dead or dis- 
colored larvae should be sent in a wooden box. 
SACBROOD.—Although sacbrood is mildly infectious it is not a very 
serious disease, and does not require treatment. In fact, it usually comes 
and goes of its own accord without the beekeeper’s even suspecting its pres- 
ence. The dead larvae or pupae vary in color from yellow, gray and light 
brown to a dark brown resembling foul brood. However, they are never 
vopy like foul brood, nor have they any odor. They are generally in capped 
cells, the diseased cells being irregularly interspersed among the healthy ones. 
When scales are present, they are quite black and roughened and easily 
separated from the cell wall. 
The consistency of the affected larvae assists one in distinguishing sac- 
brood from foul brood. An affected larva has the appearance of a small 
closed sae with watery contents. This larva can often be removed from 
the cell intact. : 
Starved or neglected brood or dead brood from laying workers or 
drone layers is sometimes confused with sacbrood because of its unpleas- 
ant odor and dark color. If staryed or neglected the trouble will disappear 
as soon as the bees are able to gather pollen; if the brood is from laying 
workers or drone layers, only drone brood will be affected. 
ENEMIES OF BEES. . 
ANTS.—Ants seldom trouble good colonies of bees in the North, put 
in the South radical measures must sometimes be taken. 
In order to get rid of them, they should be cleaned out of the hives 
and the hives placed on stands or benches, the legs of which rest in cans 
filled with some liquid, such as coal tar or crude petroleum, that will pre- 
vent the ants from crawling up into the hives. 
All ant hills or nests in the apiary should also be destroyed. To do 
this make several holes, an inch or so in diameter, about a foot deep throngh 
the nest. Then pour a tablespoonful of carbon bisulphide in each hole, and 
stop up the holes with earth so that thé fumes may permeate every part of 
the nests. Great care should be taken since the carbon bisulphide is very 
explosive when mixed with air. If the nests are not large, kerosene may 
be used instead of carbon bisulphide, about three times as much of the 
kerosene being required. 
F 
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