56 XVII. EUTACE^. [Citrus. 



name of Persian and Median apples, and was afterwards called Citrus, the 

 Latin term iorKcSpos, by which the Cedar, Juniper, and other aromatic and re-j 

 sinous coniferous woods, were designated, which, like the Citron, had the pro-j 

 perty, or were supposed to possess the property, of keeping away insects. On 

 the other hand, the words Limone, Lime, Lemon, evidently derive their origin 1 

 from the Arab Limu ; and this name probably has a Sanskrit origin. The I 

 Sanskrit word Nagaranga, for Orange, is readily traced in the Arab Naranj, 

 and the European terms Aranzio, Pomeranze, Orange. Again, the word porta- , 

 gallo, by which the sweet Orange is knovra in parts of the Mediterranean region j 

 — ^for instance, in Greece and Albania — is quoted in proof of the introduction , 

 of this fruit by the Portuguese, in the same way as the German (and Eussian) 

 term, Apfehine, seems to point to its having been brought from China. 



So far regardiiig the westward spread of these fruits. Whether the numerous 

 varieties of Citrons and Oranges cultivated in China have originated in species 

 indigenous in that country, or whether the mountains of India are their 

 original home, and whether any fruit-trees of this genus are indigenous in the 

 Indian Archipelago or in Polynesia — these iure questions of great interest, which 

 call for further botanical and historical studies. My object in bringing these 

 questions forward prominently in this place is to induce others with more 

 leisure and more opportunities of observation to study a subject of great histori- 

 cal interest, which may eventually serve to bring out important results regard- 

 ing the spread and changes of arborescent species under cultivation. 



8. PERONIA, Correa. 

 Leaves alternate, imparipinnate. Flowers frequently unisexual. Calyx 

 small, 5-dentate, deciduous. Petals 5, rarely 4-6, oblong-lanceolate, 

 imbricate. Stamens 10-12 ; filaments subulate from a broad, densely 

 vUlous base ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 5-ceUed, or 1-ceUed owing 

 to the slight cohesion of the axLLe ^acentee, continued into a thick oblong 

 or cyUndrical style ; ovules numerous, crowded in several series. Fruit 

 globose, 1-celled, fiUed with pulp, with a hard rind. Seeds numerous, 

 oblong, flat ; cotyledons thick, fleshy. 



1. F. Elephantum, Correa; Eoxb. Cor. PI. t. 141; Fl. Ind. ii. 411; 

 Wight Ic. t. 15 ; W. & A. Prodr. 96. Elephant- or Wood-Apple.— ^a.ns. 

 Kapittha. Vern. Bilin, kait, kaitha, kathel. 



Glabrous, armed with strong, straight, axillary thorns. Leafletl 5-7, 

 cuneat6_ or obovate, crenate at the top. Flowers of a dull-reddish 

 colour, in loose, lateral, or terminal leaf-bearing panicles ; axis and branches 

 pubescent, male and bisexual flowers frequently on the same panicle. 

 Fruit globose, 2J in. diam. ; rind hard, woody, outside rough, grey- 

 coloured ; seeds embedded in a fleshy, edible pulp. 



. ^^A i^ ^""f^ l'"^i,^ ' ^ *^® ^"^'^ Himalaya and Siwalik tract, ascending 

 to 1500 ft., and extending west as far as the Ravi. Cultivated, and occasion- 

 ally wild, throughout India, but not in the plains of the Paniab Fl Feb - 

 May ; the fruit npens about Oct., and often remains long on the tree 



A moderate-sized tree, with a symmetrical trunk, 2-4 ft. in girth, bearing an 

 elegant oval head ; leaves with a slight smeU of aniseed. Bark dark grey or 

 nearly black wrinkled, corrugated with longitudinal shaUow furrows. Wood 

 yeUowish or light brown, with distinct medullary rays, close- even- fine srained 

 strong, hard, 50 lb. per cub. ft., 62-65 lb. when ^een Value of P ^7 660 

 (Cunnmgham); 645 (Skinner). Used for houseb^ding, navesroIllcSrs; 

 and agricultural implements. Too coarse for engravmg,^but well adapted for 



