92 XXV. EHAMNE^ffi. [Rhamnus. 



4i._Verii. Bat sirijul, tundni zanani {tunani maddni (male) is Vibur- 

 num foetens), tadru, tundhi, mimarari, hunji, chaterni, Pb. 



Unarmed, the previous year's branchlets purple, young parts pubescent, 

 Leaves and branchlets always alternate. Leaves membranous, ovate or 

 ovate-lanceolate, acumiflate, 3-4 in. long, serrate, with 6-10 prominent, 

 parallel, nearly straight lateral nerves on either side of midrib, on petioles 

 \ in. long ; stipules linear, early deciduous, and leaving broad scars at the 

 base of petiole. Flowers 1-5, mostly pentamerous and bisexual, in axiUary 

 sessile cymes; flower-buds ovoid. Calyx flat, cup-shaped; segments trian- 

 gular ; petals none. Style short, 3-cleft nearly to the base. Drupe pear- 

 shaped, \ in. long ; seeds 2-4. 



A moderate-sized tree on the outer Himalaya ranges, from the Indus to the 

 Sard a river, between 4500 and 10,000 ft., usually in the more open parts of the 

 fore.sts. Fl. in May and June. The fruit ripens from July-October. The small 

 bitter fruit is used as a purgative in some parts of the hills. 



2. E. triquetrus. Wall. — Syn. Ceanothus triquetra, WaU. ; Fl. Ind., 

 ed. Carey, ii. 376 ; C. flavescem, Eoyle. Vern. Gulde{i) or gudle(i), 

 fagora, gardhan, phulla, Pb. ; Gogsa, ghant, ghont, N.W.P. 



Unarmed ; leaves and branchlets covered with short tomentum, always 

 alternate. Leaves generally yellow, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 3-5 in. long, 

 serrate, on petioles f in. long, with 6-10 prominent parallel, nearly straight 

 lateral nerves on either side of midrib ; stipules subulate, deciduous. 

 Flowers generally pentamerous, in sessile, 5-20-fl.owered cymes, forming in- 

 terrupted racemes, frequently leaf-bearing and branched. Flower-buds 

 ovoid. Calyx turbinate, segments triangular. Petals short-clawed, emar- 

 ginate, sheathing the stamens. Style 3-4-oleft, the branches cohering 

 nearly to the apex. Durpe 3-lobed, nearly dry. Seeds on the back (the 

 side of the raphe), with a long, broad, open groove. 



Not uncommon in the Salt range and in the North-West Himalaya, between 

 3000 and 6000 ft., from the Jhelam to the Sarda river. A small tree, with grey, 

 brown, or blackish purple bark, scabrous with elevated specks. Fl. in May and 

 June. 



3. R. virgatus, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 604. — Syn. R. hirsidus, W. & A. 

 Prodr. 165 ; Wight Ic. t. 978. Yern. Phipni, dddur, tadru, seta pajja, 

 kanji, mamral, shomfol, reteon, gogsa, sindrol, mutni, nior, chatr, romusJc, 

 Pb. ; Tsapo, mail, Tibet, Spiti ; Chato, chedwala, diadua, N.W.P. 



Branchlets generally spinescent, young parts pubescent. Leaves and 

 branchlets generally opposite. Leaves frequently fascicled on short 

 undeveloped branchlets; lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, ovate or obovate. 

 acuminate,^ 1-4 in. long, narrowed into petiole ^ in. long, serrate or 

 crenate, with 3-6 arcuate and converging lateral nerves on either side of 

 midrib, the lower pair from near the base of leaf. Flowers greenish on 

 slender pedicels, 4-5-merous, crowded in the axils of fascicled leaves, or 



