Cinchona.'] XLV. ItUBIACE^. 265 



Loxa (crown bark) ; and the importation of micrantha, peruviana, and other 

 grey-bark species of the Huanuco district, is due to Mr Pritchett. The plants 

 collected by Mr Markham himself unfortunately perished on the voyage, but 

 the seeds imported through the agency organised by him succeeded; and dur- 

 ing a tour throiigh Southern India in 1861, he selected the principal localities 

 for plantations on the Nilgiris, and other hills on the west side of the Penin- 

 sula. The Government plantations on the Nilgiris have, since the commence- 

 ment, been under the skilful superintendence of Mr M'lvor. From Bengal the 

 late Dr T. Anderson, then Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, went 

 to Java in 1862, brought from thence a supply of plants and seeds of various 

 species, and established the Cinchona plantations in Sikkim with these, sup- 

 plemented by plants and seeds from the Nilgiris, and by Calisaya seeds ob- 

 tained from_ other sources. It wiU be sufficient to enumerate here the 4 principal 

 species cultivated in the East Indian plantations, being the more valuable kinds 

 of Ecuador, Peru, and- Bolivia. Besides these there are several species in New 

 Granada, the more important of which are : G. lanafolia, Mutis ; Karsten Flora 

 ColumbisB, i. t. 11, 12 ; and C. pitayensis, Wedd. ; Triana, Nouvelles Etudes sur 

 les Quinquinas, 1870, p. 61 (Syn. G. corymhosa, Kaisten, 1. c. 1. 10, and C. Trianae, 

 Karsten, t. 22), remarkable by the corolla-tube hairy inside, and believed to yield 

 the Pitayo bark, introduced into India by Mr Cross. 



Leaves broad-oval ; flower-panicles pyramidal ; capsule ohlong 1. G. succirubra. 

 Leaves oblong, obtuse, often narrow ; flower-panicles pyramidal ; 



capsule ovate 2. C. Calisaya. 



Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; panicles short- corymbose ; 



capsules oblong or ovate-oblong S. C. officinalis. 



Leaves broad-ovate or obovate, decurrent into short marginate 



petiole, nearly glabrous ; capsule lanceolate . . . 4. C. micrantha. 



1. C. succirubra, Pavon ; Howard Illustrations of the Nueva Quino- 

 logia of Pavon, 1862, t. 8. — Syn. G. eordifolia, var. K, Mutis ; Triana, 1. c. 

 t. 20, bis. 



A tree, 15-40 ft. high, pubescent. Leaves without pits in the axils of 

 lateral nerves, broad-oval, 6-10 in. long, 4- 6 J in. broad, acute at both ends, 

 neaily glabrous above, soft-pubescent or tomentose beneath; petiole 1-1 J 

 in. long ; main lateral nerves 8-10 pair. Stipules oblong. Plowers rose- 

 coloured with white hairs ; |-| in. long, close together in large terminal 

 panicles. Branchlets, nerves, and underside of leaves often red. Capsule 

 oblong, 1-1^ in. long. Varies with broader and narrower leaves, and with 

 pale and pink flowers. 



Indigenous in the warm and moist forests on the western and south-western 

 slope of Chimborazo in Ecuador, north-east of Guayaquil, between 2300 and 

 5000 ft, but has probably a wider range. According to recent researches, this 

 species yields the red bark of commerce, which is exported from Guayaquil, 

 and which was long known and valued, though the tree yielding it had not 

 been identified. Seeds and plants of this species were collected in the Limon 

 forests west of the Chimborazo, and in the district of Guaranda, and sent 

 to India by Mr E. Spruce in 1860 ; and from this source mainly have been 

 raised the extensive plantations of G. succirubra on the Nilgiris and other 

 hills of South India, and in Sikkim. The bark of this species is rich in Cin- 

 chonine and Cinchonidine, but comparatively poor in Quinine. The special 

 advantage is that it thrives at lower elevations than any of the other species 

 which yield valuable bark, but it is sensitive to frost and long - continued 



