266 XLV. EUBIACE^. [Cinchona. 



drought. In Sikkim it thrives at an elevation of 1000 ft. in the vicinity of 

 the Sal forest. It has been grown on the Chikalda hUls in Berar, and on the 

 Pachmarhis. The success of these experiments however, remains to be proved. 

 In Burma it is grown on the hills east of Toungoo. The wood is close-grained, 

 but not hard ; the meduUary rays are numerous, and the pores are arranged in 

 linear radial groups of 3-5 between the medullary rays. 



2. 0. Calisaya, Weddell, Histoire uaturelle des Quinquinas, 1849, t. 3. 



A large tree, or a shrub when stunted. Leaves oblong, or obovate- 

 oblong, obtuse, ■rarely acute, sometimes very narrow, 3-6 in. long, nar- 

 rowed into a short petiole, glabrous, shining above, more or less pubes- 

 cent beneath ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, with more or less indistinct 

 pits (scrobiculi) in their axils. Flowers less than | in. long, pubescent, 

 light flesh-coloured, hairs white. Panicles large, terminal. Filaments 

 generally shorter than half the length of anthers. Capsule ovate, \ in. 

 long. The shape of the leaves varies exceedingly. 



Indigenous on the east side of the second Cordillera range, between 13° and 

 16° 30' S. lat., in the northern districts of Bolivia and the province of Caravaya 

 in Peru, at an elevation between 4800 and 6000 ft. A stunted variety, B. 

 JosephUma, Wedd. 1. c. t. 3, bis, with oblong-lanceolate, somewhat coriaceous 

 leaves, was found by Weddell on grass-lands (Pajonal) outside the forests. 

 These grass-lands he believes were formerly covered with forest which gradually 

 receded from the inroads of the jungle-fires, and the stunted Calisayas remained. 

 A similar encroachment of the grass-lands upon the forest by the action of the 

 annual fires is not rare in India. The trees outside the forest, which resist the 

 action of the fires, get stunted and gnarled, and often present a different aspect 

 from the same species in the forest. O. Calisaya yields the Boyal, also called 

 Yellow or Calisaya bark, which is exported from Arica in south Peru. It is 

 perhaps the most valuable of all Cinchona barks, rich in alkaloids, of which 

 Quinine forms more than one-half, sometimes four-fifths. 



In Sikkim, C. Calisaya thrives remarkably well at moderate elevations. It 

 seeds freely, and proves a free and rapid grower. This species was first intro- 

 duced into the Bnitenzorg Botanic Garden in Java by Justus Carl Hasskarl, 

 who was sent to Peru by the Dutch Government in 1852. A large proportion 

 of his importations, however, consisted of a comparatively worthless species, G. 

 Pahudiana, Howard (identified by Triana, 1. c. 68 with C. carahayensis, Wecjd.), 

 with subcoriaceous, elliptic, not scrobiculate leaves, densely tomentose beneath, 

 pink flowers, the coroUa-tube pentagonous, with 5 longitudinal open sUts on 

 the edges, and pubescent capsules. 



3. C. officinalis, Linn. ; Bot. Mag. t. 5364. — Syn. G. Condaminea, 

 Humb. et Bonpl. ; WeddeU, 1. o. t. 4. 



A large tree, leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, narrowed 

 into petiole 1 in. long or longer, glabrous, or slightly pubescent beneath, 

 distinctly scrobiculate ; main lateral nerves 8-10 pair, the pits in their 

 axils distinctly visible on the upper side of leaf. Flowers pubescent, in 

 short corymbose pubescent panicles, J-f in. long, flesh-coloured, capsules 

 oblong or ovate-oblong, ^ in. long or longer. 



Indigenous in the forests of Loxa in Ecuador, on the east side of the Andes, 

 at elevations between 6000 and 9000 ft. Produces the Pale, also called 

 Loxa or Crown bark. Cultivated at high elevations on the Nilgiris and in 



