PERMANENT RESIDENTS 37 
largely upon the mildness or severity of the season. Should the ponds 
and streams remain open, the ground be unfrozen, and little or no 
snow fall, many of the migrant species of November will linger into 
December. They rarely are found, however, after the middle of the 
month, when our bird-life is again reduced to its simplest terms of 
permanent residents and winter visitants. 
Similarity of feeding habits now brings certain species into loose 
bands whose movements are governed largely by the presence or 
absence of food. Their wanderings may lead them over large areas, 
and our orchards and dooryards may now be visited by species which 
will eagerly partake of our bounty. Crumbs and seeds will bring 
Juncos, Tree Sparrows and Purple Finches; an old seed-filled sun- 
flower head may prove a feast for Goldfinches, while bits of meat, 
suet, or ham bone will be welcomed by Chickadees, Nuthatches and 
Downy Woodpeckers. (On this subject of winter feeding consult the 
publications of the National Association of Audubon Societies.) 
The flight of Crows to and from their roosts is one of the charac- 
teristic sights of the bird-life of this season. 
This outline of changes in the bird-life of the year occasioned by 
migration, may be summarized by presenting a list of the commoner 
permanent residents of the vicinity of New York City and adding 
chronological tables of migration. 
PERMANENT RESIDENTS 
Bob-white, Ruffed Grouse, Red-shouldered Hawk, Red-tailed 
Hawk, Broad-winged Hawk,* Marsh Hawk,* Sparrow Hawk, Duck 
Hawk,* Sharp-shinned Hawk, Cooper’s Hawk, Bald Eagle,* Screech 
Owl, Long-eared Owl, Short-eared Owl, Barred Owl, Great Horned 
Owl, Downy Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker, Red-headed Wood- 
pecker,* Flicker, American Crow, Fish Crow, Blue Jay, Starling, 
Meadowlark, Song Sparrow, House Sparrow, American Goldfinch, 
European Goldfinch, Purple Finch, Cardinal, Cedar Waxwing,* Caro- 
lina Wren, Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse, White-breasted Nuthatch, 
Robin,* Bluebird. 
To complete the possible winter avifauna, a list of winter resident 
land birds and of the commoner winter water birds is added. 
WINTER RESIDENTS 
Black-backed Gull, Herring Gull, Kittiwake, Bonaparte’s Gull, 
Old Squaw, Surf Scoter, White-winged Scoter, Saw-whet Owl,* Horned 
Lark, Prairie Horned Lark, Junco, Tree Sparrow, Pine Siskin,* 
Red-poll,* Snowflake, Lapland Longspur,* Red Crossbill,* White- 
winged Crossbill,* Pine Grosbeak,* Northern Shrike,* Winter Wren, 
Brown Creeper, Red-breasted Nuthatch,* Golden-crowned Kinglet. 
*Rare or irregular in winter, 
