GULLS 155 
Island and n. Baffin Land to n. Greenland, and on Arctic islands of E. 
Hemisphere; winters in the Arctic regions and casually s. to B. C., Lake 
Ont., and L. I.; in Europe, s. to France. 
Long Island, A. V., one record, Jan. 
_ Nest, of grass, moss, and feathers on rocky cliffs. Eggs, light yellowish 
olive, marked with small blotches of brown and larger cloudings of lilac, 
2°45 x 1-70 (Brewer). Date, Prince Patrick's Island, Arctic-Ocean, June 18. 
“The Ivory Gulls appear to spend most of the time amid the pack- 
ice, often at a long distance from land’’ (Chamberlain). 
40. Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (Linn.). Kirtrwake. Ads. in sum- 
mer.—Head, neck, tail and underparts pure white; back and wings pearl- 
gray; outer web of first primary and 3°00 of the ends of first and second 
primaries black; third to fifth primaries black at ends and with white tips; 
hind-toe very small, a mere knob without a nail; bill yellowish, feet black. 
Ads. in winter.—Similar to above, but top of head and back of neck washed 
with pearl-gray, and a dark spot about eye. Jm.—Similar to winter adults, 
but with the back of the neck, lesser wing-coverts, and part of the tertials 
black; tail, except outer pair of feathers, with a black band at its tip; four 
outer primaries black, except the inner half or more of their inner webs; 
fifth and sixth tipped with black and white; bill black, feet yellowish. 
L., 16°00; W., 12°00; T., 4°50; B., 1°30. 
Remarks.—This species can always be distinguished by the small size 
of the hind-toe. 
Range.—Arctic regions. Breeds from Wellington Channel and n. 
Greenland, s. to Gulf of St. Lawrence, and from Arctic islands of Europe 
and w. Siberia to s. France; winters from Gulf of St. Lawrence s. to N. J., 
and casually to Va., Bermuda, and the Great Lakes; accidental in Mo., 
Colo., and Wyo. 
Long Island, common W. V., Nov. 4—Feb. 27. 
Nest, of grass, moss, and seaweed in colonies on the ledges of rocky cliffs. 
Eggs, 3-5, varying from shades of buffy to grayish brown, distinctly and 
obscurely marked with chocolate, 2°25 x 1'60. Date, Bird Rock, Que., May 23. 
“Our bird differs but little in its habits from other oceanic Gulls. 
Feeding chiefly on fish, but accepting any diet that drifts within range 
of its keen sight; drinking salt-water in preference to fresh; breasting 
a gale with ease and grace—soaring in midair, skimming close above 
the crested waves, or swooping into the trough for a coveted morsel; 
resting upon the rolling billows, and sleeping serenely as they roll, 
with head tucked snugly under a wing; wandering in loose flocks, 
and making comrades of other wanderers; devoted to mate and young, 
and attached to all its kin—wherever seen or however employed, the 
Kittiwake is revealed as a typical gleaner of the sea. 
“The name is derived from the bird’s singular cry, which resembles 
the syllables Kitti-aa, kitti-aa’’ (Chamberlain). 
42. Larus hyperboreus Gunn. Guaucous Guiu. Ads. in summer.— 
Back and wings pale pearl-gray; primaries lightly tinted with pearl, inner 
half of their inner webs and tips fading gradually into white; rest of plumage 
pure white. Ads. in winter.—Similar, but with head and neck lightly streaked 
with grayish. Im.—Upperparts varying from ashy gray to white, feathers 
widely barred, mottled, or streaked with buffy or ashy gray; primaries 
varying from pale smoky gray to pure white; tail ashy or brownish gray; 
underparts varying from dirty whitish to ashy gray, generally darker on 
belly, sometimes mottled with buffy or grayish. (Birds of the second year 
