RAILS, GALLINULES, AND COOTS 231 
garious, but are generally associated through a community of interests; 
Coots, however, are usually found in flocks. Rails inhabit grassy 
marshes, in which they seek safety by running or hiding, taking to 
wing, when pursued, only as a last resort. Their large, strong legs, 
therefore, have been developed at the expense of their weak, rounded 
wings. In several island species, this degeneracy of wing has been carried 
to such an extreme that the birds have lost the power of flight. At the 
best, their flight when flushed is short and labored, and with dangling 
legs they soon drop back into cover. Nevertheless, they perform 
extended migrations, traveling hundreds of miles without resting. 
Gallinules live near the marshy borders of bodies of water, while 
the more aquatic Coots resemble some Ducks in habits. They are at 
times noisy birds and are more often heard than seen. All the forms 
nest on the ground, laying generally large sets of eggs, and the young 
are born covered with (usually black) down and can run soon after 
hatching. 
KEY TO THE SPECIES 
I. Billover 1°75. ' 
A. Cheeks below the eye einnamon-rufous, like the breast; flanks black 
barred with white; upperparts rich olive-brown streaked with black. 
208. Kine Rat. 
B. Cheek below the eye gray; flanks generally gray or brownish, barred 
with white; upperparts generally grayish, streaked with black. 
211. CuappeR Raiu and races. 
II. Bill under 1°75. 
A. Wing over 6°00. 
a. General color blue, feet yellow ...... 218. Purpne GaLLINvULE. 
b. General color slaty, feet dark greenish. 
bt. Toes with large scalloped webs or flaps at the side. . . 221. Coor. 
62. Toes without flaps or webs ...... 219. FuormpA GALLINULE. 
B. Wing under 6:00. 
a. Wing under 3°50. 
a, Back blackish, with small round, white spots. 216. Brack Rar. 
a, Back blackish, barred with white and margined with buffy. 
215. YELLow Rar. 
b. Wing over 3°50. 
bl. Bill over 17000... 2. 2 eee ee ee ee ee 212. Vincinia Ral. 
c}, Bill under 1°00. 
c?, Wing over 4°50, lesser wing-coverts rufous . 217. Corn CRAKE. 
c. Wing under 4°50, lesser wing-coverts olive ..... 214. Sora. 
208. Rallus elegans Aud. Kine Ratu. Ads.—Upperparts varying 
from olive-brown to black, the back and scapulars widely margined with 
olive-gray; wings and tail olive-brown; wing-coverts rufous; throat white; 
neck and breast cinnamon-rufous; belly and sides fuscous, sharply barred 
with white. Downy Young.—Glossy black. L., 15°00; W., 6°50; Tar., 2°20; 
B., 2-40. 
Range.—E. N. Am. Breeds from Nebr., s. Minn., Ont., N. Y., and Conn. 
s. to Tex., Fla., and Cuba; winters mainly in the s. part of its breeding 
range. 
Washington, uncommon S. R., almost a P. R. Long Island, rare 8. R. 
Cambridge, casual. N. Ohio, not common 8S. R., May 1-Sept. 5. Glen 
Ellyn, common &. R., Apl. 19-Sept. 16. SE. Minn., uncommon S. R., Apl. 15. 
Nest, of grasses, on the ground in fresh-water marshes. Eggs, 7-12, 
buffy white, more heavily spotted and speckled with rufous-brown than 
