234 RAILS, GALLINULES, AND COOTS 
the floating leaves of the water plants, using both wings and feet, or 
rise with feebly fluttering wings and hanging legs to fly only a few 
rods before dropping beyond some intervening screen of grass or bushes. 
In any case you are not likely to find him again on this occasion. 
Besides the grunting sound, the Virginia Rail utters during the 
breeding season, especially at night and in lowering weather, a gut- 
tural ctt, citta-ctitta-clitta, often repeated at brief intervals for hours 
in succession. This cry appears to be peculiar to the male, and is, no 
doubt, his love-song. When heard at a distance of only a few yards it 
has a vibrating, almost unearthly, quality, and seems to issue from the 
ground directly beneath one’s feet. The female, when anxious about 
her eggs or young, calls ki-ki-ki in low tones, and kiu much like a 
Flicker. The young of both sexes in autumn give, when startled, a 
short, explosive kep or kik, closely similar to that of the Carolina Rail. 
Witi1am BREWSTER. 
214. Porzana carolina (Linn.). Sora. (Fig. 39c.) Ad.—Region 
about the base of the bill, center of crown, and a line down the middle of the 
neck black; rest of the breast and throat, sides of the head, and front part 
of the crown pale blue-gray; rest of the upperparts olive-brown, most of the 
feathers with black centers, the scapulars and back streaked on each side 
with white; wings fuscous-brown, their coverts grayish cinnamon, outer 
edge of first primary white; lower belly white, flanks barred with black and 
white. Im.—Similar, but without black at the base of the bill or on the 
throat; breast washed with cinnamon and upperparts darker. L., 8°50; 
W., 4°30; Tar., 1°30; B., °80. 
ange.-—N. A. Breeds from cen. B. C., s. Mackenzie, cen. Keewatin, 
and Gulf of St. Lawrence s. to s. Calif., Utah, Colo., Kans., Ills., and N. J.; 
winters from n. Calif., Ills., and 8S. C. through the West Indies and Cen. Am. 
to Venezuela and Peru; accidental in Bermuda, Greenland and England. 
Washington, common T. V., Mch.—May; July—Nov. Long Island, com- 
mon T. V., Apl. and May; Aug.—Oct.; rare S. R. Ossining, common T. V. May; 
Aug. 19-Oct. 24. Cambridge, locally abundant S. R., Apl. 15-Oct. 31. N. 
Ohio, common 8S. R., May 1-Oct. 23. Glen Ellyn, tolerably common S. R., 
Apl. 14-Oct. 17. SE. Minn., common §. R., Apl. 25—Dec. 5. 
_Nest, of grasses, on the ground in or near marshes. Eggs, 8-15, buffy 
white or ochraceous-buff, spotted and speckled with rufous-brown, 1°24 x 
ae. fats Cambridge, May 20; se. Minn., June 3; Pewaukee, Wisc., 
ay 19. 
The Soras’ summer home is in fresh-water marshes, where, if it 
were not for their notes, the reeds and grasses would long keep the 
secret of their presence. But knowing their calls, you have only to 
pass a May or June evening near a marsh to learn whether they in- 
habit it. If there, they will greet you late in the afternoon with a clear 
whistled ker-wee, which soon comes from dozens of invisible birds 
about you, and long after night has fallen it continues like a spring- 
time chorus of piping hylas. Now and again it is interrupted by a 
high-voiced, rolling whinny which, like a call of alarm, is taken up and 
repeated by different birds all over the marsh. 
They seem so absorbed by their musical devotions that even when 
calling continuously it requires endless patience and keen eyes to see 
