BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. 361 
bird being a wooden rolling call as different from the voice of the 
parent as is that of the young Baltimore Oriole.” (Chapman, F. M., 
‘Camps and Cruises.”’) 
1909. Roserrs, T. S., Auk, XXVI, 371-389 (home-life). 
498. Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linn.). ReD-wINGED BLAcK- 
BIRD. Ad. ¢@.—Lesser wing-coverts—‘shoulders’—bright scarlet; middle 
witte-bowerte varying from ochra¢eous-buff to buffy white; rest of the plu- 
mage black. Ad. ein winter—Similar, but upperparts margined, with rusty. 
Im. 2 in winter.—Upperparts margined with rusty and buffy; underparts 
tipped with whitish; lesser wing-coverts dull orange-red mixed with black. 
Ad. ¢.—Head and back blackish, streaked with rusty and buffy; rump 
and upper tail-coverts fuscous, more or less edged with ashy; wings fus- 
cous, edged with buffy, the lesser coverts sometimes tinged with reddish; 
underparts conspicuously sipeatod with black and white; the throat tinged 
yesh eh orange or yellow. 7 L., 9°51; W., 4°72; T., 3°77; B., ‘88., depth at 
ase ‘50. 
Range.—N. A. e. of the Great Plains, except Gulf coast and Fla. Breeds 
from Ont., N. 8., and Que., southward; winters mainly s. of Ohio and Del. 
valleys, locally n. to Mass. 
Washington, common P. R., abundant in migration. Ossining, common 
8S. R., Feb. 25-Nov. 11. Cambridge, abundant S. R., Mch. 10—Aug. 30.; 
a few winter. N. Ohio, abundant 8. R., Mch. 1-Nov. 15. Glen Ellyn, 
common §S. R., Mch. 5-Nov. 19. SE. Minn., common 8. R., Mch. 8-Nov. 14. 
Nest, of coarse grasses, weed stalks, etc., "lined with finer grasses and root- 
lets, attached to low bushes or reeds. Eggs, 3- 5, pale blue, singularly 
streaked, spotted or scrawled with dark purple or “black, chiefly at the larger 
end, 1:04 x °72. Date, Chester Co., Pa., May 16; Cambridge, May 16; 
se. Minn., May 8. 
A swiftly moving, compact band of silent birds, passing low through 
the brown orchard, suddenly wheels, and, alighting among the bare 
branches, with the precision of a trained choir breaks into a wild, tink- 
ling glee. It is quite possible that in the summer this rude chorus 
might fail to awaken enthusiasm, but in the spring it is as welcome 
and inspiring a promise of the new year as the peeping of frogs or 
blooming of the first wild flower. 
Plain, streaked Mrs. Redwing, who has been spending the winter in 
flocks composed only of others of her sex, soon appears, but mating is de- 
layed until late April or early May. Then we find the old homes in 
the wet meadows and marshes occupied by apparently the same birds 
which have dwelt there for years. 
Mounting the topmost branch of a tree not far ffom the nest, the 
male becomes an ever-vigilant sentinel. His rich “kong-quér-rée,”’ 
which by association is so strongly suggestive of reedy marshes, is a 
signal that “all’s well.”” He challenges all suspicious characters by an 
inquiring chitit, chuck, and with a long, shrill alarm-note, chee-e-e-e-e, 
circles out on fluttering wings, his gorgeous crimson epaulets showing 
conspicuously. 
_ The nesting season is a short one, and in July young and old begin 
to gather in flocks in the marshes, where later they will be found, in 
countless numbers, feeding on the wild rice. 
1905, Herricr, F. H., Home-Life of Wild Birds, 45-48, 
