442 WOOD WARBLERS 
eye; back and rump bright olive-green; wings and tail bluish gray; greater 
and middle wing-coverts tipped with white or yellowish white; outer three 
tail-feathers with large white patches on their inner webs, fourth feather with 
a much smaller patch. Ad. 9.—Similar, but yellow on the head confined to 
the forehead; underparts duller. L., 4°80; W., 2°40; T., 1°80; B. from N., °33. 
Remarks.—The only variation of note in the plumage of otherwise typical 
specimens of this species occurs in the color of the wing-bars, which in some 
specimens are tinged with yellow. A specimen in Mr. Brewster’s collection 
(No. 25,511, Seymour, Conn., June 11, 1889, E. A. Eames) shows this varia- 
tion carried to an extreme, and has the wing-bars as broadly yellow as in V. 
chrysoptera, though in every other respect it is typical pinus. Between this 
species and V. chrysoptera there exists a complete set of intergrades, which are 
variously called V. leucobronchialis and V. lawrencet. They are generally 
considered to be hybrids, and it has also been suggested that dichromatism 
may aid in producing their coloration. Their relationships will be found dis- 
cussed under the following references: Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1881, 
218; Ridgway, Auk, 1885, 359; Manual N. A. Birds, 486; Chapman, Warb- 
lers of N. A., 74; Faxon, Memoirs Mus. Comp. Zoél., 1911, No. 2. 
Range.—E. N. Am. Breeds from se. Minn., s. Mich., w. N. Y., Mass. 
(rarely), and s. Conn. s. to ne. Kans., cen. Mo., Ky. Md., and Del. (casually 
further s.); winters from s. Mex. casually to Colombia; very rare migrant in 
se. U. S. s. of Va. and e. of La.; occasional in s. Ont. 
Washington, rather uncommon T. V., Apl. 26-May 22; Aug. 13-Sept. 
2; a few breed. Ossining, common 8S. R., May 4-Sept. 7. N. Ohio, common 
S. R., Apl. 27-Sept. 15. Glen Ellyn, irregular, possibly S. R., May 1-Sept. 
15. SE. Minn., uncommon 8. R., Apl. 30-Sept. 1. 
Nest, of bark and leaves, lined with fine strips of bark and tendrils, and 
firmly wrapped with numerous leaves, whose stems point upward, on the 
ground, generally in or at the border of second growth. Eggs, 4-6, white, 
thinly speckled with rufous, cinnamon-brown, or rufous-brown, ‘62 x ‘50. 
Date, Chester Co., Pa., May 22; New Haven, Conn., May 20; Oberlin, Ohio, 
May 10; se. Minn., May 16 (nest finished). 
This species may be found in scrubby second growths, woodland 
borders, or even the lower trees of dense woods. Its movements are 
rather slow and leisurely, and, like a Chickadee, it may sometimes be 
seen hanging head downward while searching for food. 
It is at times a rather persistent songster, and its peculiar song is 
not likely to be mistaken for that of any other Warbler. As a rule, 
it consists of the two drawled, wheezy notes swéé-chee; the first inhaled, 
the second exhaled. A less common song, uttered later in the season, 
is wéé, chi-cht-chi-chi, chur, chéé-chiir, and is sometimes accompanied 
by peculiar kik notes. 
1909. Wricut, H. W., Auk, XXVI, 337-345 (nesting in Mass.). 
Vermivora leucobronchialis (Brewst.). BrewstTer’s WARBLER. 
Ad. 7.—Forehead and forepart of the crown yellow, a black line from the 
bill through the eye; rest of the upperparts bluish gray; wing-bars broadly 
yellow; tail like the back, three to four outer feathers marked with white; 
underparts pure white, faintly washed with yellow on the breast. Fall 
specimens are more heavily washed with yellow, and the upperparts are 
margined with olive-green. Ad. 9.—Similar, but wing-bars white, and crown 
not so bright. 
Remarks.—The descriptions are from typical specimens of the puzzling 
bird known as Vermivora leucobronchialis. Between it and V. pinus there are 
specimens showing every degree of intergradation. Typical examples are 
comparatively rare, and the most common form has the breast heavily 
washed with yellow, the back tinged with olive-green, and the white wing- 
