492 THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. 
2. No white in tail; which is olive-brown or rufous. 
A. Tail not brighter than back. 
a. Upperparts ciunamon-rufous. 
a, Entire underparts, including sides, more or less heavily marked 
with round, black spots; back brighter than tail. 
755, Woop THRUSH. 
a*, Throat and upper breast pale buffy, with small, cinnamon- 
brown, wedge-shaped spots; belly pure white; sides with a 
barely perceptible grayish wash . . 756, W1Lson’s THRUSH. 
6. Upperparts olive. 
61. Throat, breast, cheeks, eye-ring, and lores deep cream-buff. 
758a. OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. 
62. Throat, and breast, white, with only a very slight buffy tinge; 
eye-ring whitish, lores grayish. 
757. GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH. 757a. BICKNELL’s THRUSH. 
B. Tail brighter than back. 
a. Upperparts olive-brown, sometimes ae to cinnamon; upper 
tail-coverts and tail rufous . . 7506. Hermit THRUSH. 
755. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmel.). Woop Turusu. Ads.—Upper- 
parts bright cinnamon-brown, brightest on the head, and changing gradually 
to pale olive-brown on the upper tail-coverts and tail; underparts white, 
thickly marked with large, round black spots except on the throat and middle 
of the belly. L., 8°29; W., 4°44; T., 2°92; B., 65. 
Remarks.—The Wood ‘Thrush’ may be distinguished from our other 
Thrushes (1) by its larger size; (2) by its brighter, more rufous color above; 
and (3) especially by the numerous large, round black spots on its under- 
parts. These cover not only the breast, but are equally numerous on the 
sides, where they extend well up under the wings. 
Range. —E. N. Am. Breeds in Alleghanian and retounian, faunas from 
s. 8. D., cen. Minn., cen. Wisc., s. Ont., and s. N. H. s. to e. Tex., La., and 
n. Fla.; winters from s. Mex., to Costa Rica; casual in Maine. 
Washington, common §S. R., Apl. 19-Oct. 10. Ossining, common 8. R., 
Apl. 30-Oct. 2. Cambridge, locally common 8. R., May 10-Sept. 15. N. 
Ohio, common S. R., Apl. 20-Oct. 1. Glen Ellyn, fairly common 8. R., Apl. 
30-Sept. 29. SE. Minn., common S. R., May 1-Sept. 19. 
Nest, of leaves, rootlets, fine twigs, and weed stalks, firmly interwoven, 
with an inner wall of mud and lining of fine rootlets, generally in saplings, 
about 8 feet up. Eggs, 3-5, greenish blue, lighter and with less green than 
those of the Catbird, averaging lighter, but not certainly distinguishable 
in color from those of the Robin, 1:05 x °76. Date, Yemassee, S. C., May 
a D. . , May 1; Chester Co., Pa., May 17; Cambridge, May 26; se. Minn., 
ay 26. 
The Wood Thrush is not so distinctively a bird of the woods as the 
Veery. Well-shaded lawns are sometimes graced by its presence, and 
at all times it is more familiar and easier to observe than its retiring 
relative. Large size, bright cinnamon upperparts, and especially 
a conspicuously spotted breast and sides, are its most striking field 
characters. 
The Wood Thrush’s call-notes are a liquid quirt and a sharp pit-pit. 
The latter is the more characteristic and is often heard after night- 
fall. When the bird is alarmed or imagines its young in danger, its 
loud and rapid utterance of this call, resembling the sound produced- 
_by striking large pebbles together, gives painful evidence of its fear 
and anxiety. 
’ The songs of the Wood and Hermit Thrushes are of the same char- 
