318 AMERICAN GEAPB GROWIlfG 



ing but make it somewhat longer, with more spurs 

 around the head of the vine or from the strongest later- 

 als. Wire may be used for the upper tying, and a loose 

 band of dracsena passed around the middle of the canes 

 to prevent their spreading when heavy with fruit. 



Varieties adapted for this ti-aining are Sauvignon 

 Verte, Semillion, White Burgundy, Chauche Gris, Tram- 

 iner, Chasselas Violette, White Elben, White Muscateller, 

 Grosse Blaue, Mondeuse, Petit Syrah, Meunier, Tannat, 

 Beclan, Valdepenas, Refosco, Gamay and many others. 



Another modification of this training, called the bal- 

 loon, is sometimes used. Pour canes are grown instead 

 of three from opposite sides of the vine, and bent 

 together in the middle, where they are fastened by a 

 wire and thus made self-supporting, with most of the 

 fruit hanging in the middle. This method has its ad- 

 vantages and its disadvantages. The circular form in 

 which the vines are bent distributes the sap more evenly, 

 while in the upright training it goes more into the up- 

 per buds on canes and spurs. The disadvantages are 

 that it takes more room in the vineyard, does not per- 

 mit as close working, and unless the canes are of equal 

 size and equally loaded, they swerve to the heavy side. 



LONG PRUNING ANJ> TKAINING. 



Some varieties are shy bearers, even with the latter 

 method of pruning, and need still longer training. The 

 method is the same, the difference being only in detail. 

 Six-foot stakes are used and the canes made long enough 

 to reach to the top. Exception must be made of a few 

 varieties which should have the young shoots for canes 

 pinched during the previous summei', when they have 

 reached the tops of the stakes. This forces out the lat- 

 erals into stronger growth, which are then pruned back 

 to two buds. The varieties bearing best under this 

 treatment are Riesling, Sultana, Thompson's Seedless, 



