34 ELEMENTS OP BOTANY. 



f. (V. Canadensis), Canada Violet. Stems very leafy, 

 smooth, 1 ft. or more high. Leaves heart>shaped, taper-pointed, 

 serrate. Flowers large and handsome; petals white, or nearly so, 

 inside, — the upper ones usually violet-tinged beneath, lateral petals 

 bearded. 



*■** Leafy-stemmed, from an annual, biennial, or occasionally short-lived 

 perennial root ; stipules about as large as tlie leaves. Fig. 72. 



g. (V. tricolor), Pansy, Heaet's-ease. Stem branching, 

 angular, hardly erect ; leaves variable, more or less ovate, crenate. 

 Flowers large (often more than 1 in. across), flattish, short-spurred, 

 esceedingly variable in color. Cultivated from Europe. 



(Variety arvensis), Johnny-jump-up, Lady's Delight. A 

 small-flowered variety, running wild in gardens and sometimes 

 appearing like a native plant. 



UMBELLIFERJE, PARSLEY FAMILY. 



Herbs, usually with hollow, grooved stems and small flowers, 

 generally in umbels. Calyx-tube adnata to the ovary ; limb 

 of the calyx either wanting or present only as a 5-toothed rim 

 or margin around the top of the ovary. Petals 5 and stamens 

 5, inserted on the disk which is borne by the ovary. Ovary 

 2-celled and 2-ovuled, ripening into 2 akene-like carpels, which 

 split away from each other. Each carpel bears 6 longitudinal 

 ribs, in the furrows between which secondary ribs frequently 

 occur. On a cross-section of the fruit oil-tubes are seen, 

 traversing the interspaces between the ribs, and pretty near 

 the surface of the fruit. The seeds contain a small embryo, 

 enclosed in considerable endosperm. (The family is a difficult 

 one, since the flowers are so much alike that the species are 

 distinguished froni each other mainly by rather minute char- 

 acteristics of the fruit.) 



I. HERACLEUM, COW PARSNIP. 



Calyx with 5 small teeth. Fruit tipped with a thick conical 

 enlargement of the style, with three blunt ribs on the outer 

 surface of each carpel and a large oil-tube in each interval 



