79 RESOURCES OF CALIFORNIA. 
skeletons have been brought to light—only fragments here and 
there. Of quadrupeds, we have the remains of a mastodon, an 
elephant, and a new species of horse. Of birds and reptiles, 
nothing noteworthy has been found. We have no entire fossil 
fishes, but a few teeth. Dr. W. O. Ayres found near Pit River 
the teeth of a shark, of the genus Lamna—a genus now extinct 
cn this coast. There are numerous beds of marine shells, the 
- most remarkable being on the shores of San Pablo Bay, on the 
sides of Mount Diablo, and on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada. 
Tn the bluffs of the coast, near the Lake House, are shells iden- 
tical with those now found alive in the vicinity. All our fossils 
are of the tertiary period, save a few ammonites of the second- 
ary era, found in the northern part of the state. 
§ 49. Relics of Early Humanity.—In May, 1859, an Indian 
arrow-head was found, eighty feet below the surface of the 
earth, at Buckeye Hill, Nevada county. About the same time, 
another arrow-head was found three feet deep, in undisturbed 
alluvium, near Freeman’s Crossing, in the same county. 
In April, 1859, the skeleton of a man was found sixteen feet 
deep, at Tehachepe, in Los Angeles county. 
In October, 1855, two stone mortars, such as were used by 
the Indians for grinding acorns and grass-seeds, were found 
near Diamond Springs, El Dorado county, at a depth of one 
hundred feet below the surface. 
In October, 1854, the skeletons of two men were found at 
Rattlesnake Bar, fourteen feet below the surface, and under 
ancient strata, which had apparently not been disturbed from 
the time of their deposition. 
These are a few only of the fossil evidences that California 
has been inhabited by men many thousands of years. 
§ 50. Mineral Springs—Mineral springs are very numer- 
ous in California. The greatest number are found in the coast 
valleys, from latitude 40° southward to 32°. Nearly every 
little vale has one or more; many of them warm or hot. The 
most common temperatures range from 60° to 120°. Some of 
these springs yield a large quantity of water, and are in ro- 
