SOCIETY. 359 
CHAPTER XII. 
SOCIETY. 
§ 252. Population.—The total population of California is 
reported by the census of 1860 to be 380,015; of whom 
333,530 are white, and 46,485 are colored. This census, how- 
ever, was not taken with proper care, and I am confident that 
the total population is not less than 400,000, of whom about 
340,000 are white,-and 60,000 colored. Of the colored, 50,000 
are Chinamen, 3,000 are negroes and mulattoes, and 7,000 are 
Indians. Most of the Indians live far from white men, and in 
a state of complete savageness; the negroes are mostly in the 
large towns; the Chinamen are mostly in the mines and in 
San Francisco. The details of the census have not yet been 
published, so I must guess at them. I suppose that the white 
population is made up of 155,000 men, 95,000 women, and 
90,000 children or minors. Of the men, there may be 130,000 
citizens and 25,000 aliens. The aliens may be composed of 
12,000 Frenchmen, 3,000 Englishmen and Scotchmen, 2,000 
‘Irishmen, 3,000 Italians, 2,000 Spanish Americans and 3,000 
Germans, &c. Putting white and colored adults together, 
there are about 110,000 women and 200,000 men in the state. 
The men are about equally divided between the mining and 
farming districts of the state, but the proportion of women is 
much larger in the latter than in the former. The minors are 
about equally divided between boys and girls; and the chil- 
dren, under ten years of age, have a large majority over those 
between ten and twenty-one. Of the nativity of voters I 
make the following estimate: 50,000 Americans from the free 
states, 30,000 Americans from the slave states, 20,000 Irish- 
