SOCIETY. 385 
its bed and then down stream so as to shut out the water from 
part of the bed. 
Vaquero (va kay’ ro—vulgarly pronounced buc ca’ ry), a 
herdsman. 
Zanja (zan' ha), a ditch for irrigating agricultural land. 
Zanjero (zan hay’ ro) a person whose duty it is to keep irri- 
gating ditches in order. Among the officers of the city of Los 
Angeles is a Zanjero. 
§ 268. Germans and French—The Germans of California 
have generally become citizens and permanent residents of the 
state, and most of them have learned the English language. 
They have gymnastic clubs and singing societies in all the 
larger towns. Most of the brewers and professional musicians 
in the state are Germans; and the Germans occupy a large 
place among the cultivators of the vine. The town of Ana- 
heim, in Los Angeles county, was laid out by Germans, and 
is almost exclusively populated by them. 
The French in California, as a body, are not citizens, or per- 
manent residents, and have not learned English. Some of the 
largest bankers in San Francisco are Frenchmen, and the city 
owes to Mr. Pioche, a French capitalist, some of its most val- 
uable public enterprises, such as the Mission Railroad, the 
Spring Valley Water Works, and the pleasure resorts of 
Hayes’ Park and the Willows. 
§ 269. Spanish Californians.—The people of Spanish blood 
in the state are mostly natives of California, Mexico, and Chile. 
As a class, they are poor and ignorant. The Mexicans and 
Spaniards who came to California while Spain held dominion 
of the country, brought few women with them, but took In- 
dian women for wives; and the descendants of these women 
form a large majority of the Spanish Californians. Among 
the wealthier families, the Indian cast of countenance has al- 
most disappeared. Although the features are thick, the expres- 
sion of the face is mild and pleasant. The complexion is dark, 
and grows darker with age; the hair is black and straight, the 
eyes black, the cheeks ruddy. Many of the men are hand- 
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