APPENDIX. 465 
teen organized counties, viz.: Benton, Clackamas, Clatsop, 
Columbia, Coose, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Lane, 
Linn, Marion, Multnoma, Polk, Tillamook, Umpqua, Wash- 
ineton, Wasco, and Yamhill. All these counties, save Wasco, 
are west of the Cascade Mountains, and within one hundred 
miles of the Pacific, the east part of the State having very 
few white inhabitants, and those confined to the immediate 
vicinity of the Columbia River. The largest town in the State 
is Portland (population in 1860, 2,700). It is the chief seaport, 
situated on the west bank of the Willamette River, ten miles 
from its mouth, which is one hundred miles by the course 
of the Columbia from the ocean. The town-site is a plain 
about 30 feet above the level of the river, and it is sur- 
rounded by dense forests of tall spruce, fir, and other ever- 
green trees. The town dates from 1847. The houses are 
nearly all of wood. The next town of importance is Salem, 
the capital (population 1,500), on the east bank of the 
‘Willamette River, about forty miles south of Portland by the 
course of the river. It contains the State capitol and a 
woolen mill. Corvalls (population 1,000) is twenty miles 
farther south on the west bank of the same river. This place 
was once selected by the Territorial legislature to be the capi- 
tal, but the Federal government had appropriated money to 
build a capitol at Salem, and would not recognize any other. 
Eugene City (population 800) is thirty miles south of Cor- 
vallis, also on the bank of the Willamette River. Other towns 
in the Willamette Valley are Oregon City, Lafayette, Dayton, 
Santiam, and Albany. Oregon City, nine miles south of Port- 
land, at the falls of the Willamette, has a great water-power, 
and will be a manufacturing town of importance; but now 
the little power used is mostly spent in sawing rough lumber. 
On the bank of the Columbia are the towns of Astoria, 
Rainier, St. Helen’s, and the Dalles. Astoria (pop. 400) is nine 
miles from the ocean, at a point where the river is three or four 
miles wide. It posesses a custom-house and a couple of saw- 
mills. All the country east, southeast, and south from Astoria is 
21 
