466 APPENDIX, 
hilly, covered with dense timber, and almost uninhabited. This 
fact, and the fact that nearly all the import and export trade of 
the State is done at Portland, whither the ocean steamers run 
regularly, scarcely stopping at Astoria save to take on or put 
off a pilot, may account for the small’size of Astoria, which 
was for a time looked upon as one of the most promising 
towns of the coast. St. Helen’s, ten miles below the mouth of 
the Willamette (population about 400), once aspired to be the 
chief port of the State, and the agents of the Pacific Mail Steam- 
ship Company, provoked at the difficulty of ascending the Willa- 
mette to Portland in seasons of low water, established their 
coaling dépdét and office at St. Helen’s; but the mercantile 
interest of Portland was too strong, and St. Helen’s lost her 
trade and her hope. ‘The Dalles,” or Dalles, so named from 
some rapids in the Columbia River, to which the Canadians 
employed by the Hudson’s Bay Company gave that name (pop- 
ulation about 1,500), is a thriving town on the south bank of the 
Columbia, about one hundred and seventy-five miles from its 
mouth. The town owes its importance to the rapids in the 
river, which at this point has a descent of forty feet, thus in- 
terrupting the navigation “and requiring goods to be trans- 
ported by land for a distance of six or eight miles. The 
growth of the place must keep pace with the development of 
the basin of the Upper Columbia, all the trade of which must 
go down the river. In the valley of the Umpqua River are the 
towns of Winchester, Roseburg, Scottsburg, and Gardner. 
In the auriferous portion of the valley of Rogue River are 
Jacksonville (pop. 1,500) and Althouse, the two principal 
mining towns in the State. On the coast, about lat. 43° 20’, is 
the village of Randolph, whose inhabitants are mainly 
engaged in the business of beach-mining. The population of 
Oregon, according to the census of 1860, was as follows: 
