APPENDIX. 469 
larly visited by ocean steamers. In latitude 45° 45’ is False 
Tillamook Bay, which is nearly round, three-quarters of'a mile in 
diameter, with an entrance a quarter of a mile wide, opening to 
the south. The harbor is secure against all winds save thise 
from the south. There are no islands off the coast of Oregon. 
The principal lakes are fhe Upper Kalamath lake, the lower 
Kalamath lake, part of which is in California, and several 
smaller lakes or sinks of rivers in that portion of the great 
basin lying within the limits of Oregon. All these lakes 
are in districts where the soil is poor and the vegetation 
scanty. There are two principal mountain ranges in Oregon, 
both running north and south, the Coast and the Cascade chains. 
The Coast Mountains, lying along the coast, from latitude 
42° to the Columbia, vary from two thousand to four thousand 
feet high; they are covered with evergreen trees. The Cas- 
cade mountains, forming a portion of the high range running 
from lat. 55° to 35°, and known as the Sierra Nevada in Cali- 
fornia, are from four thousand to ten thousand feet high, with 
occasional peaks rising still higher. This range on its west 
slope is covered with coniferous trees; much of its east slope 
is bare. The principal peaks are Mount Hood, in latitude 
45° 20’, thirteen thousand feet high; Mount Jefferson, in lat- 
itude 44° 40’, eleven thousand feet; the Three Sisters, in lati- 
uude 44° 10’, eleven thousand feet; and Mount Pitt, in lati- 
tude 42° 25’, ten thousand feet. All these rise into the re- 
gion of perpetual snow, and all of them are extinct volca- 
noes. How long they have been extinct is not known, but 
the Indians have traditions of a time when Mount Hood was 
an active volcano. Other mountain ranges are the Blue Ridge, 
west of the Owyhee River; the Siskiyou Ridge, between Ore- 
gon and California; the Umpqua Mountains, between the Ump- 
qua and Rogue Rivers ; and the Calapooya Mountains, between 
the valleys of the Umpqua and Willamette Rivers.—Nearly all 
‘the tillable land in the State is in the valley of the Willamette, 
a body of land about one hundred and twenty miles long from 
north to south by thirty miles wide. Thesoilisa gravelly clay 
