492 APPENDIX. 
living by the chase have always been more warlike and hardy 
than their fish-eating relatives of the west, and, having had 
less intercourse with the whites, have suffered less in numbers, 
in health, in morals, and in their ancient customs, languages, 
and tribal distinctions. The principal tribes in the eastern 
part of the Territory are the Nez Percés, Snakes, Yakimas, 
Pelouses, Klickatats, Bannacks (Pannacks, Bawnacks, Bonacks, 
or Bonnacks, as their name is variously spelled), Wenatches, 
Okinagans, Snakes or Shoshonees, Spokanes, Pend d’Oreilles, 
and Cur d@’Alénes. The Nez Percés and some of the Spo- 
kane Indians near Colville have permanent dwellings—cabins 
or lodges made of skins—and cultivate large fields of grain. 
All the tribes have firearms and horses, some of them large 
herds. Hereditary slavery is common among the Indians in 
the western district, and the proximity of the white men does 
not seem to have much effect upon it, otherwise than by de- 
creasing the number of both masters and slaves. It is the 
custom among most of the tribes owning slaves to flatten the 
heads of the freemen as a sign of their honorable social posi- 
tion; and an Indian with a round head is looked upon as an 
ill-favored fellow, and considered a slave or a freedman. The 
great chiefs have often two or three wives. Polygamy and 
slavery also prevail among many of the tribes in the basin of 
the Columbia.—It is supposed that the first white man who 
saw the land of what is now Washington Territory was a 
Greek, called Juan de Fuca (though that was not his baptismal 
name), in 1592. He was in charge of a Spanish vessel sent 
out to fortify the supposititious strait of Anian, to prevent the 
English from passing through it from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific. Fuca reported having found a Strait between latitude 
47° and 48°, but he made no fortifications. This was just 
after the English cast off the Roman Catholic faith, declared 
the grants of possessions in the New World to be void, and 
aspired to an equal share with Spain in the trade and domain 
of the newly discovered lands and seas. It was nearly two 
hundred years before Washington was seen again. In 1775, 
