THE WONDERS OF LIFE 



the Ainos of Japan, the Hottentots, Fuegians, Macas, 

 and some of the forest races of Brazil. The value of 

 their life is very little superior to that of the preceding 

 order. 



C. Higher savages, mostly of average human height 

 (smaller in colder regions), having always simple dwell- 

 ings' (generally of skins or the bark of trees). They 

 have always primitive clothing, and good weapons of 

 stone, bronze, or copper. They wander in troops of one 

 hundred to five hundred, led by prominent but not 

 ruling princes, and exhibiting rudimentary differences of 

 rank. The method of life is determined by hereditary 

 customs. To this group belong many of the primitive 

 inhabitants of India (Todas, Nagas, Curumbas, etc.), the 

 Nicobar Islanders, the Samoyeds, and Kamtschadals ; 

 in Africa, the negroes of Damara; and most of the 

 Indian tribes of North and South America. Their life 

 is higher than that of the pithecoid lower and middle 

 savages, but less than that of the barbarians. 



II. Barbarians or Semi-savages.- — The greater part 

 of their food consists of natural products, which they 

 secure with some foresight; hence they have developed 

 agriculture and pasture to a greater or less extent. The 

 division of labor is slight, each family supplying its own 

 wants. As a rule, a stock of food is provided for the 

 whole year. As a result of this, art begins to develop. 

 They have generally fixed dwellings. 



A. Lower Barbarians. Dwellings: Simple huts, gen- 

 erally grouped into villages and surrounded with plan- 

 tations. Clothing worn regularly, but very simple: 

 the men often naked in hot climates or with shirt. 

 Pottery and cooking utensils, tools of stone, wood, or 

 bone. Rudiments of commerce by exchange. Groups 

 of one thousand to five thousand persons able to form 

 larger communities; distinctions of rank and warfare. 

 Princes rule according to traditional laws. Of this group 



394 



