THE VALUE OF LIFE 



we have in Asia many of the aboriginal inhabitants of 

 India (Mundas, Khonds, Paharias, Bheels, etc.), the 

 Dyaks of Borneo, the Battaks of Sumatra, Tunguses, 

 Kirgises, etc.; in Africa the Kaffirs, Bechuanas, and 

 Basutos; in Australasia the aborigines of New Guinea, 

 New Caledonia, New Hebrides, New Zealand, etc. ; and in 

 America the Iroquois and Thlinkets, and the inhabitants 

 of Nicaragua and Guatemala. 



B. Middle barbarians. Dwellings good and durable, 

 generally of wood, roofed with cane or straw, forming 

 fine towns. Clothing general, though nudity is not con- 

 sidered immoral. Pottery, weaving, and metal -work 

 pretty well developed. Commerce in regular markets, 

 with the use of money. States ruled by kings in accord- 

 ance with traditional laws, fixed distinctions of rank, 

 communities up to one hundred thousand persons. To 

 these belong in Asia the Calmucks; in Africa many 

 negro races (Ashantis, Fantis, Fellahs, Shilluks, Mom- 

 buttus, Owampos, etc.) ; in Polynesia the inhabitants of 

 the Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and Markesas islands. In 

 Europe the Lapps belonged to this class two hundred 

 years ago, the ancient Germans two thousand years ago, 

 the Romans before Numa, and the Greeks of the Homeric 

 period. 



C. Higher barbarians. Dwellings, usually solid stone 

 buildings. Clothing obligatory, weaving habitual occu- 

 pation of the women, metal-work far advanced, tools 

 generally of iron. Restricted commerce, with minted 

 money, no rudder-ships. Crude judicature in fixed 

 courts; rudimentary writing. Masses of people, with 

 progressive division of labor and hereditary distinctions 

 of rank, sometimes reaching half a million souls, under 

 an autonomous ruler. To this class belong in Asia 

 most of the Malays (in the large Sunda Islands and the 

 peninsula of Malacca), and the nomadic races of Tartars, 

 Arabs, etc. ; in Polynesia the islanders of Tahiti and 



39S 



