THE WONDERS OF LIFE 



Hawaii; in Africa the Somalis and Abyssinians, and the 

 inhabitants of Zanzibar and Madagascar. Of the his- 

 toric peoples of antiquity we have the Greeks of the 

 time of Solon, the Romans at the beginning of the 

 republic, the Jews under the Judges, the Anglo-Saxons 

 of the Heptarchy, and the Mexicans and Peruvians at 

 the time of the Spanish invasion. 



III. Civilized Races. — Food and complex vital needs 

 are easily satisfied on account of the advanced division 

 of labor and improvement of instruments. Art and 

 science are consequently developed more and more. 

 The increasing specialization brings about a great elabo- 

 ration of individual functions, and at the same time a 

 great strengthening of the whole body politic, as there 

 is complete mutual dependence. The citizens see that 

 they must submit to the laws of the state. 



A. Lower civilized races. Towns with stone walls; 

 vast architectural works in stone; use of the plough in 

 agriculture. War is intrusted to a particular class. 

 Writing firmly established, primitive law-books, fixed 

 courts. Literature begins to develop. To this group 

 belong in Asia the inhabitants of Thibet, Bhutan, Ne- 

 paul, Laos, Annam, Korea, Manchuria, and the settled 

 Arabs and Turcomans ; in Africa the Algerians, Tunisians, 

 Moors, Kabyles, Tuaregs, etc. Of historical races we 

 have the ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Assyrians, 

 Babylonians, Carthaginians, the Greeks after Marathon, 

 the Romans of the time of Hannibal, and the English 

 under the Norman kings. 



B. Middle civilized races. Beautiful temples and 

 palaces, built of stone and brick. Windows come into 

 use, and sailing-ships. Commerce expands. Writing 

 and written books are general; the literary instruction 

 of the young is attended to. Militarism is further 

 developed; so are legislation and advocacy. Of these 

 we have in Asia the Persians, Afghans, Birmans, and 



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