THE VALUE OF LIFE 



Siamese; in Europe the Finns and Magyars of the 

 eighteenth century. Of historical peoples we must 

 count among them the Greeks of the age of Pericles, 

 the Romans of the later republic, the Jews under the 

 Macedonian rule, France under the first Capets, and 

 England under the Plantagenets. 



C. Higher civilized races. Stone houses general; 

 streets paved;. chimneys, canals, water and wind mills. 

 Beginnings of scientific navigation and warfare. Writ- 

 ing general, written books widely distributed, literature 

 esteemed. The highly centralized state embraces com- 

 munities of ten millions or more. Fixed and written 

 codes of law are officially promulgated and applied by 

 courts to particular cases. Numbers of government 

 officials have settled rank. To this group belong in 

 Asia the Chinese, Japanese, and Hindoos; also the Turks 

 and the various republics of South America, etc. In 

 history we have the Romans of the empire, and the 

 Italians, French, English, and Germans of the fifteenth 

 century. 



IV. Cultivated Races. — Food and other needs are 

 artificially supplied with the greatest ease and in abun- 

 dance, human labor being replaced by natural forces. 

 The social organization grows and- facilitates the play 

 of all the social forces, and man obtains a great freedom 

 to cultivate his mental and aesthetic qualities. Printing 

 is in general use, the education of the young one of 

 the first duties. War becomes less important ; rank and 

 fame depend less on military bravery than on mental 

 superiority. Legislation is influenced by representa- 

 tives of the people. Art and science are increasingly 

 promoted by state aid. 



Alexander Sutherland distinguishes three stages of 

 development — the lower, middle, and higher — in the 

 fourth as well as in the preceding classes. To the first 

 stage he assigns "the leading nations of Europe and 



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