XIX 



DUALISM 



Dualistic systems of Kant I. and Kant 11. — His antinomies — 

 Cosmological dualism — The two worlds — The world of bodies 

 and the world of spirits — Truth and fiction — Goethe and 

 Schiller — Realism and idealism — Anti-Kant — Law of sub- 

 stance — Attributes of substance — Sensation and energy — 

 Passive and active energy — Trinity of substance: matter 

 force, and sensation — Constancy of sensatioii — Psyche and 

 physics — Reconciliation of principles. 



THE history of philosophy shows how the mind of 

 man has pressed along many paths during the last 

 two thousand years in pursuit of truth. But, however 

 varied are the systems in which its efforts have found 

 embodiment, we may, from a general point of view, ar- 

 range them all in two conflicting series — ^monism, or the 

 philosophy of unity; and dualism, or the philosophy 

 of the duality of existence. Lucretius and Spinoza are 

 distinguished and typical representatives of monism; 

 Plato and Descartes the great leaders of dualism. But 

 besides the consistent thinkers of each school there are 

 a number of philosophers who vacillate between the two, 

 or who have held both views at different periods of life. 

 Such contradictions represent a personal dualism on the 

 part of the individual thinker. Immanuel Kant is one 

 of the most famous instances of this class; and as his 

 critical philosophy has had a profound influence, and I 

 was compelled to contrast my chief conclusions with 

 those of Kant, I must once more deal briefly with his 

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