XX 



MONISM 



Defence of monism — Pure and applied science (theoretic and 

 practical reason) — Pure (theoretical) sciences : physics, 

 chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, geology; biology, 

 anthropology, psychology, philology, history — Applied 

 (practical) sciences: medicine, psychiatry, hygiene, tech- 

 nology, pedagogics, ethics, sociology, politics, jurispru- 

 dence, theology — Antinomy of the sciences — Rational and 

 dogmatic disciplines — Correlation of the sciences — Faculties 

 — Reform of education — The ideal world — Harmony of 

 monism. 



NOW that we have reached the end of our long jour- 

 ney, we may take a general survey of the path we 

 have pursued, and say how far we owe our progress to 

 the monistic philosophy. In doing so, we shall at once 

 justify our own point of view and indicate the relation 

 of biology to the other sciences. I feel the more bound 

 to do this as the present volume is not only a necessary 

 supplement to the Riddle, but at the same time my last 

 philosophic work. At the end of my seventieth year I 

 would supply some of the defects of the Riddle, answer 

 some of the most stringent criticisms directed against 

 it, and as far as possible complete the philosophy of life 

 at which I worked for half a century. 



In inviting my readers to accompany me once more 

 through the broad domain of the monistic philosophy I 

 must, as their modest guide, show scientific justification 

 at the narrow entrance — ^produce, so to say, the ticket 

 of admission to this investigation. The academic philos- 



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