THE WONDERS OF LIFE 



dictory. But, for the most part, this unfortunate an- 

 tinomy in the sciences is connected with their historical 

 development. Pure reason, the highest quahty of civ- 

 ilized man, was gradually evolved from the intelligence of 

 the savage, and this in turn from the instincts of the 

 apes and lower mammals ; and many relics of its former 

 lower condition remain to-day, and have, through prac- 

 tical reason, a most prejudicial influence on science. 

 These dualistic prejudices and irrational dogmas — ^in- 

 tellectual residua of the primitive condition of the race, 

 fossil ideas and rudimentary instincts — still pervade the 

 whole of modern theology, jurisprudence, politics, ethics, 

 psychology, and anthropology. If we glance at the 

 whole field of modern science at the beginning of the 

 twentieth century in this connection, we can distribute 

 its twenty sections into three groups — rational (purely 

 monistic), semi-dogmatic (half -monistic) , and dogmatic 

 (predominantly dualistic) disciplines. 



The following may be classed as rational or purely 

 monistic sciences, in which no competent and thorough- 

 ly expert representative now admits dualistic consid- 

 erations: of the pure or theoretical sciences, physics, 

 chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, and geology; of 

 the applied or practical sciences, medicine, hygiene, and 

 technology. On the other hand, in the semi-dogmatic 

 sciences we still find a mixture of monistic and dualistic 

 ideas in the appreciation of their aims and objects, one 

 or the other prevailing according to the party position 

 or personal training of the individual representative. 

 This is the case with most of the biological sciences, 

 biology (in the broadest sense), anthropology, psychol- 

 ogy, philology, history, psychiatry; and of the applied 

 sciences, pedagogics and ethics. The two latter sciences 

 form a transition to the four purely dogmatic sciences 

 in which the traditional dualism is still paramount: 

 sociology, politics, jurisprudence, and theology. In 



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