THE WONDERS OF LIFE 



seek to get rid of these fetters, and to introduce the 

 empirical and critical methods of modern science and 

 medicine into what are called the mental sciences. The 

 opposition between the two parties is accentuated by 

 their different sociological tendencies. Liberal human- 

 ists claim that the freedom and education of all men is 

 the aim of progressive evolution, in the conviction that 

 the free development of the personality of each individual 

 is the surest guarantee of happiness. To conservative 

 governments this is a matter of indifference; they look 

 on the individual citizens, in accordance with the mani- 

 fold division of labor, merely as so many screws and 

 wheels in the great organism of the state. The "upper 

 ten thousand" naturally think of their own welfare first, 

 and desire to keep all higher education to themselves. 

 But in the light of pure reason the state is not an end 

 in itself; it is a means to insure the prosperity of the 

 citizens. To each of these, whatever their condition, 

 the opportunity should be afforded of acquiring the 

 higher education and developing their talents. Hencein 

 education we should impart a general outlook on all the 

 sides of human life. Each should acquire the elements 

 of science, not only of physics and chemistry, but also^of 

 biology and anthropology. On the other hand, the pre- 

 dominance of the classical training over modern ought 

 to be restricted. Every student and every faculty 

 should be occupied with only philosophy and science in 

 the first sessions, and not take up special studies until 

 afterwards. 



At the close of the Riddle I brought out in clear relief 

 the antagonism between modern monism and traditional 

 dualism, but also pointed out that 



this strenuous opposition may be toned down to a certain degree 

 on clear and logical reflection — may, indeed, be converted into 

 a friendly harmony. In a thoroughly logical mind, applying 

 the highest principles with equal force in the entire field of the 



472 



