30 TIMBERS AND THEIR USES 



Cedar, Yellow (Sleepers). 



Elm, American Ulmus americana (Fig. 51), 

 also known as White Elm, Water Elm, Swamp 

 Elm, Canada Elm, Red Elm, Nova Scotia Elm, 

 occurs in the United States and Canada. A fine 

 open-grained wood with a dull surface, tough 

 and strong, but not durable and inclined to 

 warp. Heartwood light brown, sapwood 

 yellowish white. 



Fir, Great, Abies grandis, also known as 

 Western White Fir, Tall Silver Fir, Great Silver 

 Fir, Balsam, Balsam Fir, occurs in North 

 Western United States. A fine even-grained 

 timber, with a peculiar lustre, a strong wood. 

 Brownish white in colour. 



Maple, Ash-leaved (Pulp). 



Oak, Basket, Quercus Michauxii, also known 

 as Swamp Chestnut Oak, Cow Oak, occurs in 

 South Eastern United States. A heavy, hard, 

 very strong and durable wood of a pale brown 

 colour with white sapwood. 



Oak, Zeen, Quercus Miheckii, occurs in North 

 West Africa. A close-grained, heavy durable 

 wood, tough, liable to warp. Yellowish in 

 colour. 



Pine, Sugar, Pinus Lambertiana (Fig. 39), also 

 known as Great Sugar Pine, North Carolina Pine, 

 Columbian Pine, White -barked Pine, White 

 pine, Soft Pine, Pumpkin Pine, occurs in United 



