68 TIMBERS AND THEIR USES 



wood. Easy to work, durable. The quickest 

 growing of all Poplars. Heartwood brown, sap- 

 wood white. 



Poplar, Large-toothed, Populus grandi- 

 dentata, also known as Whitewood, Large Aspen, 

 occurs in North America. A soft, white, easily 

 worked wood. 



Spruce, Picea excelsa, also known as 

 Spruce Fir, White Deal, White Fir, Norway 

 Spruce, Swiss Pine, Violin Wood, occurs in moun- 

 tainous parts of Europe. A straight- grained, 

 straight-growing, Ught elastic wood. Easily 

 worked. Durable. Colour of heartwood and 

 sapwood white and brown. 



Spruce, Black, Picea nigra, also known as 

 American Spruce, Canadian Spruce, Double 

 Spruce, New Brunswick Spruce, St. John's 

 Spruce, Muskehg Spruce, occurs in Northern 

 parts of North America. A light, elastic, though 

 soft wood, strong. Heartwood reddish white, 

 sapwood white. 



Spruce, Red, Picea rubra, occurs in Eastern 

 Canada and United States. A strong, elastic 

 timber, very similar to Black Spruce. 



Shipbuilding. Timber used for ship and 

 boat building must possess a number of qualities 

 not required in wood used for any other purpose. 

 It must be strong and durable in contact with 



