182 TIMBERS AND THEIE USES 



is about 40 per cent of the gross revenue ; of 

 the total expenditure for this purpose, 30 to 40 

 per cent is set down for salaries, the same pro- 

 portion for timber-cutters employed on daily- 

 wages ; 15 to 20 per cent for forest roads and 

 tree-culture, and a percentage varying from 10 

 to 25 for sundries. 



Reforms in the German forest service were 

 instituted by Frederick the Great soon after the 

 commencement of his reign. At first the French 

 method of dividing the forest areas into equal- 

 sized compartments was followed. This, how- 

 ever, soon gave place to a scheme designed to 

 secure the continuous and regular productive- 

 ness of the forests, together with a closer corres- 

 pondence between the quantities of timber 

 removed and the revenue obtained. The Ordin- 

 ance of 1836, with certain modifications, is still 

 the main guide in forest practice. 



When a new forest is purchased for the Crown, 

 or brought under State management, the first 

 step taken is to have it carefully surveyed, its 

 boundaries marked and recorded, and blank 

 maps prepared, showing its limits. Next comes 

 the division of this area into compartments or 

 blocks, these being marked on the ground as 

 well as laid out on the maps. Then these blocks 

 are grouped into sub-districts or ranges (in many 

 cases about 10,000 acres), which will form units 



