Pinus 



1131 



In France the tall upright variety also occurs on Mt. Ventoux and throughout 

 the Alps of Provence, Dauphine, and Savoy, where it grows at high elevations from 

 4800 to 8000 ft., on dry, poor, and rocky soils. At Briangon it does not attain so 

 large a size as in the Pyrenees, and, according to Sir J. Stiriing-Maxwell, at forty 

 years scarcely attains 40 ft. in height, averaging 2o| in. in girth, while Scots pine 

 alongside it is about the same height, but 27 in. in girth. The finest trees of this 

 variety in the French Alps occur in the wild forest of Villarodin-Bourget, near 

 Modane, which I visited in 1903. Here it forms a dense wood on the sides of a dry 

 ravine between 5000 and 7000 ft. elevation, mixing at the lower level with 

 P. sylvestris, the trees being about 60 to 70 ft. in height and i to i J ft. in diameter, 

 and remarkable for their narrow pyramidal habit and their number on the ground, 

 casting a dense shade. Higher up on the side of the ravine there are many isolated 

 trees, very old, and of great size, up to 80 ft. in height and 9 ft. in girth. The stems 

 of some of the smaller trees are marked with ring-like swellings, one above another, 

 and full of resin, which are caused by the larva of a beetle. Seedlings are common 

 here, and Elwes, who visited this locality in 1907, brought home some alive, which 

 are now growing at Colesborne. 



In the Jura, near Pontarlier, on peat-mosses, the shorter upright form, 

 characteristic of this situation, occurs in small open woods. Here the trees 

 rarely exceed 40 ft. in height, and are much more widely branched than those at 

 Modane. 



The upright form is also found sparingly in several localities in the Swiss Alps, 

 Swabia, Oberpfalz, Silesia, Bohemia, and the Erz mountains. An extensive forest, 

 with an area of 6000 acres, occurs on dolomite in the Lower Engadine, near 

 Zernetz, at 5800 to 7000 ft. elevation, extending through the Ofen Pass to the 

 Munster valley. Here the trees, many of which are of the intermediate form, 

 gradually mix at the lower edge of the forest, with spruce, larch, and P. sylvestris. 

 This forest is illustrated in Les Arbres de la Suisse, pi. xvii., which shows trees like 

 those of Modane, but smaller, the largest depicted being 47 ft. high and 3 ft. 4 in. in 

 girth. Another is recorded as 50 ft. by 5 ft. 3 in. 



The intermediate form is common, mixed with the upright form, in all the 

 localities of the latter, except in the Pyrenees and French Alps, and is usually met 

 with on sunny precipices, rocky slopes, and high-lying peat-mosses. 



The dwarf form {wars, pumilio and mughus) is widely spread throughout the 

 Swiss, Italian, Austrian, and Bavarian Alps, ranging in the latter from 2000 to 

 4800 ft. elevation ; and it extends through the Black, Bohemian, and Bavarian 

 forests ; in the Fichtel, Reise, Glatzer, and Iser mountains, occurring in the latter 

 from 2000 to 2700 ft. altitude; in the Carpathians between 4200 and 6500 ft.; in 

 the Bihar mountains of Hungary ; in the mountainous regions of Carinthia, Carniola, 

 Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Roumania,^ Bulgaria, reaching its southern- 

 most point in Perim Dagh in Macedonia. In Italy it is only known, outside of 

 the Alps, on Mount Amaro in the Majella group of the central Apennines, where 



' Golesco, in Bull. Sac. Dend. France, 1907, p. 176, gives a good description of the dwarf pine in the mountains of the 

 Muscel district in Roumania, which comprise the highest summits of the Transylvanian ranges. 



