TYPHOID PNEUMONIA. 491 



ninth is usually recommended. An' incision is. first made with a lance, through the 

 skin, the trochar and canula is carefully pushed through the muscles and pleura, 

 directed slightly upward and backward, keeping it close to the anterior border of the 

 ninth rib, so as to avoid wounding the intercostal artery; when the trochar is with- 

 drawn, the fluid flows freely through the tube ; sometimes it gets obstructed by co- 

 agula of lymph, which should be - cleared by inserting a small whalebone staff. 

 Care must be taken not to allow air to enter the cavity, as death has often occurred 

 from this cause during the operation. It is advised before making the incision to 

 draw the skin aside so as to form a valvular wound, at the same time taking care to 

 prevent the entrance of any air. The operation may be repeated in a day or two on 

 the other side ; but in most cases the relief is but temporary. In any eyent tonic 

 treatment, such as sulphate of iron, tincture of gentian, stimulants and diuretics, 

 iodide of potassium, are to be depended upon if successful. 



Hydrothorax was a very common result of pleurisy, when 

 treated by bleeding, blistering, etc. The congestion or v inflamma- 

 tion in the first place is due to debility, and bleeding only increases 

 it ; and especially when the bleeding is repeated, though for a time 

 there was apparent relief, fever and' ii> creased debility followed, re- 

 sulting usually unfavorably. / 



The treatment advised for pleurisy, if the case is attended to 

 promptly, even though very severe, will be found so effective as to 

 leave but little probability of any serious effusion taking place. 



Typhoid Pneumonia. 



Cause is mainly attributed to those influences which interfere 

 with the general health and vigor of the animal, among which stand 

 pre-eminently overcrowding, improper ventilation, confinement in 

 damp, filthy stables, drinking bad water, hblding in solution decom- 

 posing, organic matters,, insufficient nourishment, and undue expos- 

 ure, together with what may be termed, generally, atmospheric 

 causes. ' 



Symptoms. — The horse is off his feed, disinclined to move, 

 appetite gone, pulse weak 'and low ; will sometimes eat a little, will 

 not lie down, stands hanging his head, is listless and stupid, not 

 much cough, rarely any discoloration of the membrane of 'the nose 

 or eyes; urine scanty and high colored; feces hard and coated. 

 After two or three days thcmembrane of the nose and eyes is a 

 little discolored or red, pulse quicker, 65 or 70, breathes quicker. 

 About the fourth or fifth day there is usually a discharge from the 

 nostrils, of a blackish brandy-colored ser ( um. " 



treatment. — As the word typhoid means low, it is necessary to 

 watch it carefully in that stage, which will last, as described in the 

 symptoms, the first four or five days; when in many cases the pulse 

 may run down to thirty. Stimulants should be used at this stage, 



