CONTENTS. 



Page 



Introduction 5 



The cave as a unit of environment 8 



Location 8 



Gen«-al description 8 



Moisture 11 



Light 12 



Temperature 12 



Air-currents 15 



Origin of food 15 



Optimum conditions for cave life.... 16 

 Fauna: 

 Mammalia — 



Vespertilionidse 17 



Muridae 19 



Procyonidse 20 



Sciuridse 21 



Amphibia — 



Plethedontidse 22 



Ranidae 22 



Pisces — 



Amblyopsidse 23 



Insecta — 



Hymenoptera 25 



Pemphredonidae 25 



Alysidae 25 



Coleoptera 26 



Carabidae 26 



Silphidae 29 



Staphylinidae 29 



Tenebrionidae 33 



Aphaniptera : 33 



Diptera 34 



Tipulidae 34 



Psychodidae 34 



Chironomidae 35 



Culicidae 35 



Mycetophilidae 36 



Cecidomyidae 39 



Doliehopodidae 39 



Phoridae 39 



Muscidae 40 



Anthomyidae 41 



Helomyzidae 41 



Borboridae 45 



Lepidoptera 47 



Noctuidae 47 



Page 

 Fauna — Continued. 

 Insecta — Continued. 



Orthoptera 51 



Locustidae 51 



Aptera 53 



Lepismidae 53 



Entomobryidse 54 



Myriapoda — 



Chilognatha 56 



Blanjulidae 56 



Chordeumidae 56 



Polydesmidffi 57 



Chilopoda 58 



Scolopendridae 58 



Geophilidae 58 



Arachnida — 



Araneida 59 



Dictynidae 59 



Agalenidae 59 



Theridiidae 60 



Epeiridae 66 



Tetragnathidae 67 



Lycosidae 67 



Acarina — 



Eupodidae 68 



Tyroglyphidae 68 



Gamasidae 69 



Crustacea: 

 Podopthalmata — 



Astacidae 69 



Isopoda 76 



Asellidae 76 



Oniscidae 77 



Amphipoda 78 



Gammaridae 78 



Copepoda 81 



Cyclopidae 81 



Annellida 81 



MuUusca 81 



Platyhelminthes 



Turbellaria 82 



List of species 82 



General considerations 89 



Origin of cave life 95 



Summary 106 



Bibliography 109 



