CONCERNING ADHESIONS. 49 
81. Now we take it for granted that all the organs of the 
flower have their starting-point or origin at the same one 
point, namely, at the torus (¢, Fig. 129), hence in this figure 
of the Golden Currant, it is understood that from ¢ to wu the 
calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil, adhere together; from w 
to v, the calyx, corolla, and stamens, adhere; and at », all 
the organs are separate, that is, free. Observe the same 
structure in the Ear-drop (Fig. 130). 
82. In this and like cases, the calyx is said to be superior, 
because it seems to stand upon the pistil (ovary) and fruit, 
but the more correct term is, calyx adherent. 
Fig. 132. Section of the flower of Yellow Violet: ¢, the torus. The stamens are 
hypogynous. 
Fig. 183. Section of the flower of Pear: ¢, ¢, sepals; p, p, petals; », 3, stamens, 
—perigynous; 0, ovary,—inferior or adherent. 
83. There are two other terms used in similar cases, which, 
although hard to pronounce, you may as well become ac- 
quainted with now. When the stamens adhere to the calyx 
81. What do we take for granted? Please show the adhesions in the 
Golden Currant. 
82. When is the calyx adherent? When superior? 
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